Total Insights on Goiter in Children: A Mini-review

IF 0.3 Q4 PEDIATRICS
Setila Dalili, D. Zamanfar, A. Hassanzadeh Rad, Saber Najafi Chakoosari
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Abstract

Background: Thyroid disorder is one of the main endocrine problems in childhood. In children with thyroid disorders, goiter is common. Objectives: In this mini-review, the authors aimed to present total insights on goiter in children. Methods: This is a mini-review about total insights on goiter in children. This review included articles assessing goiter in children. Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were investigated to find appropriate articles regarding goiter in children from 1988 to 2021. The keywords were thyroid, goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid nodule. The authors included all study types assessing the pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of goiter in childhood. Results: Through taking the medical history and performing a physical examination, clinicians can differentiate types of goiter, including diffuse or nodular toxic or non-toxic, which can present themselves in euthyroid, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid states. When taking a medical history, clinicians have to ask patients about their food intake, place of residence, and nutrient deficiencies to abstain from goitrogens. Diverse treatment methods are required for goiter in euthyroidism, hypophyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. In patients with euthyroidism, whenever there is iodine deficiency, a history of irradiation to the neck, or Hashimoto’s disease, suppressive therapy is needed. Both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism need levothyroxine. Besides, in hyperthyroidism, antithyroid drugs, iodine therapy, or surgery are needed. Both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism need levothyroxine. Conclusions: In hyperthyroidism, antithyroid drugs, iodine therapy, or surgery are needed. Based on the importance of managing goiter in children, clinicians have to consider food intake, vitamin deficiency, and iodine status in these patients.
儿童甲状腺肿的全面见解:一个小型综述
背景:甲状腺疾病是儿童主要的内分泌问题之一。在患有甲状腺疾病的儿童中,甲状腺肿很常见。目的:在这篇小型综述中,作者旨在提供对儿童甲状腺肿的全面见解。方法:这是一篇关于儿童甲状腺肿的总体见解的小型综述。这篇综述包括评估儿童甲状腺肿的文章。对Web of Science、PubMed和Google Scholar进行了调查,以寻找关于1988年至2021年儿童甲状腺肿的适当文章。关键词为甲状腺、甲状腺肿、甲状腺功能亢进、甲状腺功能减退和甲状腺结节。作者纳入了评估儿童甲状腺肿的病理生理学、评估和治疗的所有研究类型。结果:通过病史和体检,临床医生可以区分甲状腺肿的类型,包括弥漫性或结节性毒性或无毒性,这些类型可以表现为甲状腺功能正常、甲状腺功能减退和甲状腺功能亢进。在记录病史时,临床医生必须询问患者的食物摄入量、居住地和营养缺乏情况,以避免甲状腺肿。甲状腺功能亢进、垂体功能减退和甲状腺功能亢进需要多种治疗方法。对于甲状腺功能亢进症患者,无论何时出现碘缺乏、颈部有放疗史或桥本氏病,都需要进行抑制性治疗。临床和亚临床甲状腺功能减退症都需要左旋甲状腺素。此外,甲状腺功能亢进症需要抗甲状腺药物、碘治疗或手术治疗。临床和亚临床甲状腺功能减退症都需要左旋甲状腺素。结论:甲状腺功能亢进症需要抗甲状腺药物、碘治疗或手术治疗。基于管理儿童甲状腺肿的重要性,临床医生必须考虑这些患者的食物摄入、维生素缺乏和碘状况。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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审稿时长
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