Dendrochemical indicators of tree rings reveal historical soil acidification in Swiss forest stands

IF 2.7 3区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY
Sven-Eric Hopf , Simon Tresch , Salim Belyazid , Harald Sverdrup , Sabine Augustin , Daniel Kurz , Beat Rihm , Sabine Braun
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The deposition of acidifying nitrogen and sulphur compounds from agriculture and fossil fuel combustion has drastically altered the chemical balance of forest soils in many regions of the world, leading to soil acidification with negative impacts on nutrient availability and thus also on tree vitality. The change of nutrient concentrations in the soil solution can be assessed by long-term investigations, however meaningful indicators, reflecting environmental changes, are needed to compare the current nutrient status with past values. We used dendrochemical indicators in stem wood of different tree species to access the impact of acidifying depositions on soil quality and tree nutrition. We selected 328 stem wood samples from 96 trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Sessile oak (Quercus petrea) and English oak (Quercus robur) from 22 forest sites, which are part of the long-term Intercantonal Forest Observation Program in Switzerland. Four time periods of 20 years were defined according to the emissions of air pollutants between 1910 and 2017. Our results showed a trend of increasing Al concentrations in tree rings of spruce peaking in the most recent time period (2000–2017). Mn and Ca concentrations in spruce and beech wood have decreased significantly throughout the time period 1910–2017. These dendrochemical indicators depended on the soil pH, with higher Al and lower Mn and Ca concentrations for soils with a low pH (pH<4.2). In oak trees the observed dendrochemical changes are confounded with dendrochemical differences between heartwood and sapwood. K and Mg showed inconsistent patterns in all three tree species, which are probably caused by translocation within the stem discs. With the use of piecewise structural equation models (SEM) we highlighted the direct and indirect influences of N deposition on element concentrations in stem wood. The data suggest a relation between increased N deposition and lower base saturation values in the forest soils for all three tree species, which were linked to higher Al concentrations in spruce and lower Mn concentrations in spruce and beech. The relation between Al concentrations in tree rings of Norway spruce and measured base saturation was used to reconstruct past soil base saturation values. It revealed a progressive soil acidification in the long-term forest observation sites. These reconstructed base saturation values were further used to validate modelled values from dynamic biogeochemical models such as SAFE/ForSAFE. This comparison pointed out possible shortcomings such as the lack of organic complexation in those models. Taken together, our analyses showed that element concentrations of Al, Mn, Ca in Norway spruce and European beech stem wood were suitable dendrochemical indicators of environmental change due to soil acidification, as they reflect both direct and indirect effects of air pollutants and chemical soil properties.

Abstract Image

树木年轮的树木化学指标揭示了瑞士林分历史上的土壤酸化
农业和化石燃料燃烧产生的具有酸化作用的氮和硫化合物的沉积,极大地改变了世界许多地区森林土壤的化学平衡,导致土壤酸化,对养分供应产生负面影响,从而也对树木的活力产生负面影响。土壤溶液中养分浓度的变化可以通过长期调查来评估,但需要反映环境变化的有意义的指标来比较当前和过去的养分状况。我们利用不同树种茎材的树木化学指标来了解酸化沉积对土壤质量和树木营养的影响。我们从挪威云杉(Picea abies)、欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica)、无柄橡树(Quercus petrea)和英国橡树(Quercus robur)的96种树木中选择了328个茎材样本,这些树木来自22个森林地点,是瑞士长期国际森林观测计划的一部分。根据1910年至2017年的空气污染物排放量,定义了四个20年的时间段。我们的研究结果显示,云杉年轮中Al浓度的增加趋势在最近一段时间(2000-2017年)达到峰值。在1910-2017年期间,云杉和山毛榉木材中的Mn和Ca浓度显著下降。这些树木化学指标与土壤pH值有关,pH值越低(pH<4.2), Al浓度越高,Mn和Ca浓度越低。在橡树中,观察到的树木化学变化与心材和边材之间的树木化学差异相混淆。K和Mg在三种树种中表现出不一致的模式,这可能是由于茎盘内的易位引起的。利用分段结构方程模型(SEM)研究了氮沉降对茎材中元素含量的直接和间接影响。数据表明,三种树种的森林土壤中氮沉降的增加与较低的碱性饱和度值之间存在关系,这与云杉中较高的Al浓度和云杉和山毛榉中较低的Mn浓度有关。利用挪威云杉年轮Al浓度与实测碱基饱和度之间的关系,重建了过去土壤碱基饱和度值。结果表明,长期森林观测点土壤酸化呈递进趋势。这些重建的碱基饱和度值进一步用于验证动态生物地球化学模型(如SAFE/ForSAFE)的模拟值。这种比较指出了这些模型可能存在的缺陷,如缺乏有机络合作用。综上所述,我们的分析表明,挪威云杉和欧洲山毛榉茎材中的Al、Mn、Ca元素浓度是土壤酸化引起的环境变化的合适的树木化学指标,因为它们反映了空气污染物和土壤化学性质的直接和间接影响。
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来源期刊
Dendrochronologia
Dendrochronologia FORESTRY-GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL
CiteScore
5.50
自引率
13.30%
发文量
82
审稿时长
22.8 weeks
期刊介绍: Dendrochronologia is a peer-reviewed international scholarly journal that presents high-quality research related to growth rings of woody plants, i.e., trees and shrubs, and the application of tree-ring studies. The areas covered by the journal include, but are not limited to: Archaeology Botany Climatology Ecology Forestry Geology Hydrology Original research articles, reviews, communications, technical notes and personal notes are considered for publication.
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