The Structure and Hierarchy of Sentence-endings in Tibetan Language

Huaping Li
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Abstract

This paper discusses the structure and hierarchy of sentence-endings in Tibetan language. Tibetan sentence-endings are hierarchical. They can be divided into two levels from the perspectives of structure, distribution and expressive function. The first level comes after the predicate or verb phrase, indicating the category of tense/aspect/mood (TAM). The second level, which follows a self-sufficient sentence, mainly expresses the meaning of the speaker’s hint, inference, evaluation and attitude to the information. Each level includes several different types of endings, which act on different syntactic categories or manifest different degrees of subjectivity. The lower the degree of correlation between the endings and the information of the self-sufficient sentence is, the higher the corresponding semantic category and the speaker’s subjective participation are. Some lower-level endings can also express the grammatical meaning of the higher level in certain context with increasing subjectivity.
藏语句尾的结构与层次
本文讨论了藏语句子结尾的结构和层次。藏语的句式是有等级的。从结构、分布和表达功能上可以分为两个层次。第一层在谓语或动词短语之后,表示时态/体/语气(TAM)的范畴。第二个层次是在一个自给自足的句子之后,主要表达说话人对信息的暗示、推断、评价和态度的意义。每个层次都包含几种不同类型的词尾,它们作用于不同的句法范畴或表现出不同程度的主体性。词尾与自给句信息的关联度越低,对应的语义范畴越高,说话人的主观参与程度越高。一些较低层次的词尾在一定的语境中也能表达较高层次的语法意义,主观性增强。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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