Inflammatory Causes and Immunotherapy Potential in Cardiovascular Diseases Treatment

Abstract

Inflammatory profile in the cardiovascular diseases has been acknowledged widely; yet the potential of immunotherapy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is not fully met. The primary and secondary inflammatory risk factors of CVD; as well as drivers of atherosclerosis from the immune system are elaborated in this review. The approaches to treat CVD in respect of immunotherapy focus on targeting cytokine response pathways; novel engineering cytokines and superkines; and targeting specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in atherosclerosis. Immunotherapy in the treatment of heart failure has gained great advancement in targeting heart fibrosis to stop and even reverse cardiac remodeling. With a deeper understanding of the roles T cells and macrophages in the development of fibrosis in heart failure; harnessing them became possible to treat heart failure. T-cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR T-cell); as well as CRISPR gene editing therapy make personalized diagnosis and treatment possible and bring a lot of hope to concur this debilitating disease. This review attempts to summarize new understandings of inflammatory mechanisms underlying CVD and major advancements as well as challenges in CVD immunotherapy with a hope to offer a perspective on strategies to advance future therapies.