The «Plaiting» on the Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus Coins of the XIV Century

IF 0.3 4区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-22 DOI:10.15407/arheologia2021.03.061

H. Kozubovskyi

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Abstract

The article is devoted to the problem of the «plaiting» presence on the Lithuanian, Lithuanian-Rus and the Golden Horde coins of the 14th century. The coins with portrait and the beast lion (or the leopard) with a «plaiting» over its head and the coins with the beast lion (or the leopard) with a «plaiting» and Arabic (or Cyrillic legend (?)) are analyzed. The Kyivan Rus coins of Vladimir Olgerdovich (1362—1394) with princely sign and «plaiting» (around which is the inscription with the name of the prince) and the Golden Horde coins with «plaiting» are also examined. Many researches associate the «plaiting» with the Tatar «tamga», and the coins with such a symbol might have indicated the Golden Horde dependence. However, this ornament («ornamentum monetale» by Ch. M. Fraehn) may have a special meaning related to the Juchid monetary coinage. The Golden Horde coins with «plaiting» were the most important instrument of payment and taxation realization on the greater part of the Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus principalities. After the Syni Vody River battle of 1362 many the Golden Horde centers and trade routes in the basins of the Dnipro, Dnister and Southern Buh rivers were significant sources of the monetary silver arrival. Many qualitative (also with «ornamentum monetale» — «plaiting») silver coins of Abdallah Khan (1363—1370) and Muhammad Bulaq Khan (1370—1380), were minted in the western mints of the Mamai Horde (Azak, Ordu, Shehr al-Jedid). The silver coins of the Golden Horde were the source for the oldest Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus coins and bars of Olherd (1345—1377) and his sons. The oldest Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus coins made of approximately 900-standart silver corresponded to silver coins of the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde silver coins (also with «ornamentum monetale» — «plaiting») are one of the most constant parts of money circulation in Ukrainian territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 1360-ies till the first quarter of the 15th century.

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14世纪立陶宛和立陶宛-罗斯硬币上的“编织”

这篇文章专门讨论了14世纪立陶宛、立陶宛罗斯和金帐汗国硬币上的“编织”问题。分析了带有肖像和头上有“辫子”的野兽狮（或豹子）的硬币，以及带有“辫子”和阿拉伯语（或西里尔字母传说（？））的野兽狮的硬币。Vladimir Olgerdovich（1362-1394）的Kyivan Rus硬币带有王子标志和“格纹”（周围刻有王子的名字），金帐汗国硬币带有“格纹“。许多研究将“编结”与鞑靼人的“塔姆加”联系在一起，带有这种符号的硬币可能表明了金帐汗国的依赖性。然而，这种装饰物（Ch.M.Fraehn的《装饰货币》）可能与Juchid货币铸币有着特殊的意义。带有“格纹”的金帐汗国硬币是立陶宛和立陶宛罗斯公国大部分地区最重要的支付和税收工具。1362年的西尼-沃迪河战役后，许多金帐汗国中心和第聂伯罗河、德涅斯特河和南部布赫河流域的贸易路线都是货币白银流入的重要来源。许多质的（也有“装饰货币”-“编纹”）银币是阿卜杜拉·汗（1363-1370年）和穆罕默德·布拉克·汗（1370-1380年）在马迈部落（阿扎克、奥尔杜、谢赫·杰迪德）的西部铸币厂铸造的。金帐汗国的银币是奥尔赫尔德（1345-1377）及其儿子最古老的立陶宛和立陶宛罗斯硬币和金条的来源。最古老的立陶宛和立陶宛罗斯硬币由大约900枚标准银币制成，与金帐汗国的银币相对应。金帐汗国银币（也有“装饰货币”-“编织”）是1360年代至15世纪第一季度立陶宛大公国乌克兰领土上货币流通最稳定的部分之一。

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