Metal Input in Lettuce Grown in Urban Agricultural Soils

S. Cram, P. Fernández, H. Carranza, M. Hernández, C. P. Leon, Ana M. Noguez Gálvez
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Abstract

Urban agriculture plays an important role in supplying produces to big cities; however, the quality of water used for irrigation can hinder this activity. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate metal inputs, as well as their transfer and translocation factors, in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crops cultivated in an urban plot. The research was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons. In the former, crops were irrigated with treated wastewater, whereas during the latter, crops were maintained just with rainwater. Composite samples for soils and plants were collected from the same plot during two crop cycles in 2013. Some edaphic variables were measured. Total metal concentration was determined, for both, soils and lettuce plants (leaves and roots). Water soluble and exchangeable soil metal fractions were also analyzed. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed to test for differences between seasons, among the variables analyzed. There were significant differences in edaphic characteristics between seasons. However, there was no difference in total metal content, except for Mn. Concentration of soluble metals was lower than exchangeable metal concentration, for both seasons. There was no correlation in total metal concentration between soils and plants. Transfer factor values were higher for Cd, Mn and Zn for the dry season, while for Cu, Fe and Pb were higher during the rainy season, as well as the translocation factors for all metals. Soil characteristics, together with transfer and translocation factors, showed temporal variations, leading to different metal concentrations in the edible lettuce tissues between the two analyzed crop cycles. The incorporation of metals is particular for each site, season and crop management type. Our results indicate that the metal concentration in lettuce tissues places no harm to human health. However, management strategies for urban agriculture must consider specific studies for each site.
城市农业土壤中生菜的金属投入
城市农业在向大城市供应农产品方面发挥着重要作用;然而,灌溉用水的质量可能会阻碍这种活动。因此,本研究的目的是评估在城市地块种植的莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)作物中的金属输入及其转移和易位因素。这项研究是在旱季和雨季进行的。前者用处理过的废水灌溉作物,而后者仅用雨水灌溉作物。在2013年的两个作物周期中,从同一地块采集了土壤和植物的复合样本。测量了一些土壤变量。测定了土壤和生菜植物(叶子和根)的总金属浓度。还分析了水溶性和交换性土壤金属组分。对所分析的变量进行了多变量方差分析,以检验季节之间的差异。不同季节的土壤特征存在显著差异。然而,除Mn外,总金属含量没有差异。两个季节的可溶性金属浓度都低于可交换金属浓度。土壤和植物之间的总金属浓度没有相关性。Cd、Mn和Zn的转移因子值在旱季较高,而Cu、Fe和Pb的转移因子在雨季较高,所有金属的转移因子也较高。土壤特征,以及转移和易位因子,显示出时间变化,导致在两个分析的作物周期之间,可食用莴苣组织中的金属浓度不同。金属的掺入对于每种场地、季节和作物管理类型都是特殊的。我们的研究结果表明,生菜组织中的金属浓度对人体健康没有危害。然而,城市农业的管理策略必须考虑每个地点的具体研究。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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