From the resilience of commons to resilience through commons. The peasant way of buffering shocks and crises

IF 0.4 1区 历史学 Q3 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY
T. Soens, Maïka De Keyzer
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

We investigate if and how commons helped peasant societies when confronted with uncertainty, shocks, and crises in this special issue. Peasants have been defined as primarily small-scale agricultural producers who control the means of production and who use these means directly to provide for their own subsistence. Their activities were often integrated into the (commodity) market economy, but not dependent on (factor) markets.1 If the (large) majority of households can be conceived as peasants, we can speak of peasant societies. For a long time, peasant societies were conceived as antagonistic to capitalism: the commercial farmer would eventually replace the peasant. However, from a world-historical perspective, peasant societies were not simply replaced by capitalist farming systems; they were gradually integrated in a globalised capitalist economy.2 As a result, even today a large part of the global population still qualifies as ‘peasants’. Even though the definition is quite clear, the persistence of peasant communities throughout the ages remains enigmatic. When exposed to extreme events, crises and shocks, peasants have been portrayed as both extremely vulnerable as well as highly resilient. In Poverty and Famines, Amartya Sen showed that peasant farmers were among the worst hit in the different famines under consideration.3 Yet according to Vander Ploeg, the very fact that some of the most hazardous regions in the world are dominated by peasants also indicates that they have the capacity to cope with shocks and hazards, while more commercial enterprises are pushed out.4 Rosset et al. give the example of Cuba, where peasant smallholders practicing agroecological farming and mutually cooperating bounced back much faster than large private or state-owned holdings after a hurricane, losing less of their harvest.5 These different outcomes are for a large
从公地的弹性到通过公地的弹性。农民缓冲冲击和危机的方式
在本期特刊中,我们探讨了公地在面对不确定性、冲击和危机时是否以及如何帮助农民社会。农民主要被定义为控制生产资料并直接利用这些生产资料维持自身生计的小规模农业生产者。他们的活动常常与(商品)市场经济相结合,但不依赖于(要素)市场如果(绝大多数)家庭可以被认为是农民,我们就可以说农民社会。长期以来,农民社会被认为是与资本主义对立的:商业农民最终将取代农民。然而,从世界历史的角度来看,农民社会并不是简单地被资本主义农业制度所取代;他们逐渐融入了全球化的资本主义经济因此,即使在今天,全球人口的很大一部分仍然有资格成为“农民”。尽管定义很清楚,但农民社区在各个时代的持续存在仍然是一个谜。在面对极端事件、危机和冲击时,农民被描绘成既极其脆弱,又极具韧性。在《贫穷与饥荒》一书中,Amartya Sen指出,农民在不同的饥荒中受到的打击最严重然而,根据Vander Ploeg的观点,世界上一些最危险的地区由农民主导的事实也表明,他们有能力应对冲击和危险,而更多的商业企业被赶了出去Rosset等人举了古巴的例子,在那里,实行生态农业和相互合作的小农在飓风过后恢复得比大型私人或国有农场快得多,他们的收成损失更少这些不同的结果是一个大的
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来源期刊
Continuity and Change
Continuity and Change SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
2.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
11
期刊介绍: Continuity and Change aims to define a field of historical sociology concerned with long-term continuities and discontinuities in the structures of past societies. Emphasis is upon studies whose agenda or methodology combines elements from traditional fields such as history, sociology, law, demography, economics or anthropology, or ranges freely between them. There is a strong commitment to comparative studies over a broad range of cultures and time spans.
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