The COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia: A Comprehensive Review of the Genomic Variations, Epidemiological Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Preventive Schemes

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to outline the genomic and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in South Asian countries as well as the diagnosis, treatments, and prevention approaches undertaken by these countries to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/Methodology/Approach: We searched electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus as well as various national and international COVID-19 websites, WHO databases, and electronic media. Total 63 articles were selected from databases and 34 articles from various other sources.Findings: Scientists observed genomic variations including common mutations in ORF1ab, ORF1a, ORF3a, and S genes, while several unique mutations exist in most isolates from these countries. Demographic analysis showed that the majority of the infected individuals were male and younger adults (20 to 40 years). India had both the highest number of deaths and incidents while Afghanistan had the highest fatality rate (4.37%). Various molecular assay (rRT-PCR), antigen, and antibody-based assays have been developed to facilitate early screening due to the unavailability of any effective treatments. Although every country tried to undertake imperative preventive measures along with vaccination drives, many of them still face grave repercussions due to scarcity of health facilities, under-developed infrastructures, and improvident government policies. Originality/value: To our knowledge, this is the first review appraising various features of the virus and the disease that persists in South Asia, and actions undertaken by authorities of the countries. This review will facilitate timely interventions for future novel outbreaks in the region.