Multiclass blood cancer classification using deep CNN with optimized features

Abstract

Breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, and blood malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma are just a few instances of cancer, which is a collection of cells that proliferate uncontrollably within the body. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is of one the significant form of malignancy. The hematologists frequently makes an oversight while determining a blood cancer diagnosis, which requires an excessive amount of time. Thus, this research reflects on a novel method for the grouping of the leukemia with the aid of the modern technologies like Machine Learning and Deep Learning. The proposed research pipeline is occupied into some interconnected parts like dataset building, feature extraction with pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures from each individual images of blood cells, and classification with the conventional classifiers. The dataset for this study is divided into two identical categories, Benign and Malignant, and then reshaped into four significant classes, each with three subtypes of malignant, namely, Benign, Early Pre-B, Pre-B, and Pro-B. The research first extracts the features from the individual images with CNN models and then transfers the extracted features to the features selections such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and SVC Feature Selectors along with two nature inspired algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO). After that, research has applied the seven Machine Learning classifiers to accomplish the multi-class malignant classification. To assess the efficacy of the proposed architecture a set of experimental data have been enumerated and interpreted accordingly. The study discovered a maximum accuracy of 98.43% when solely using pre-trained CNN and classifiers. Nevertheless, after incorporating PSO and CSO, the proposed model achieved the highest accuracy of 99.84% by integrating the ResNet50 CNN architecture, SVC feature selector, and LR classifiers. Although the model has a higher accuracy rate, it does have some drawbacks. However, the proposed model may also be helpful for real-world blood cancer classification.