Compositions of Kimberlite Melts: A Review of Melt Inclusions in Kimberlite Minerals

IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
A. V. Golovin, V. S. Kamenetsky
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

The paper presents a comprehensive review of currently available data on melt inclusions entrapped in minerals of kimberlites of different age and different provenance in ancient cratons. The crystallized melt inclusions represent snapshots of kimberlite melts at different stages of their evolution. All of the inclusions are completely crystallized and consist of daughter minerals and shrinkage bubbles, which sometimes contain low-density CO2, but no aqueous fluids and quenched silicate glasses have been found so far. Although more than 60 mineral species have been identified among the daughter phases in the inclusions, all inclusions hosted in various minerals from different kimberlites have closely similar or even identical composition. The daughter minerals are various Na–K–Ca, Na–Ca, Na–Mg, K–Ca, Ca–Mg, Ca, Mg, and Na carbonates; Na–Mg and Na carbonates with additional anions Cl, \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{{2 - }}\), and \(\text{PO}_{4}^{3 - }\); and alkali sulfates, chlorides, phosphates, sulfides, oxides, and silicates. Alkali carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides are usually absent from among the groundmass phases of most kimberlites sampled worldwide, except the Udachnaya-East kimberlite in Siberia. However, this mineral assemblage, in association with such widespread kimberlite minerals as olivine, micas, monticellite, spinel-group minerals, perovskite, rutile, ilmenite, calcite, and dolomite, is common in the crystallized melt inclusions in all studied kimberlites. Carbonates (~30 to 85 vol %) always dominate over silicates (no more than 18 vol %) in all inclusions. All inclusions also contain variable (2 to 55 vol %.) amounts of chlorides (halite and sylvite). In cases where the abundance of carbonates is relatively low (30–50 vol %), the other major phases within inclusions are chlorides (18–55 vol %) rather than daughter silicates, as could be expected based on the traditional paradigm of the silicate composition of kimberlite melts. Published data on melt inclusions in the kimberlite minerals strongly imply that parental kimberlite melts were generated and further evolved within the Na2O–K2O–CaO–MgO–CO2–Cl system, that is, they were alkali-rich carbonate/carbonate–chloride liquids. According to various estimates, SiO2 content in kimberlite melts could have varied during different stages of their evolution from a few to 19 wt %. Clearly, kimberlite bodies are altered in the crust via interaction with meteoric and/or connate waters, resulting in serpentinization of kimberlite olivine and dissolution of many bona fide magmatic minerals, such as alkali carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides. In the traditional approach to studying kimberlites, the role of such components as Na2O, CO2, Cl, and to a lesser extent K2O, S, and F in the petrogenesis of kimberlite magmas and rocks have been largely underestimated, while the roles of olivine- and serpentine-forming components, such as of SiO2, MgO, and H2O are still exaggerated.

Abstract Image

金伯利岩熔体成分:金伯利岩矿物熔体包裹体研究综述
本文综合评述了古克拉通不同年代、不同物源金伯利岩矿物中包裹体的现有资料。结晶的熔体包裹体代表了金伯利岩熔体在不同演化阶段的快照。所有的包裹体都是完全结晶的,由子矿物和收缩气泡组成,其中有时含有低密度的二氧化碳,但到目前为止还没有发现含水流体和淬火的硅酸盐玻璃。虽然在包裹体的子相中已鉴定出60多种矿物,但来自不同金伯利岩的各种矿物所含的包裹体都具有非常相似甚至相同的成分。子矿物为各种Na - K-Ca、Na - Ca、Na - Mg、K-Ca、Ca - Mg、Ca、Mg、Na碳酸盐;Na - mg和Na碳酸盐与附加阴离子Cl -, \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{{2 - }}\)和\(\text{PO}_{4}^{3 - }\);以及碱硫酸盐、氯化物、磷酸盐、硫化物、氧化物和硅酸盐。除了西伯利亚的Udachnaya-East金伯利岩外,在世界上大多数金伯利岩的取样中,通常不存在碱碳酸盐、硫酸盐和氯化物。然而,这种矿物组合与广泛分布的金伯利岩矿物如橄榄石、云母、蒙脱石、尖晶石群矿物、钙钛矿、金红石、钛铁矿、方解石和白云石一起,在所有研究的金伯利岩的结晶熔融包裹体中是常见的。碳酸盐(30至85卷 %) always dominate over silicates (no more than 18 vol %) in all inclusions. All inclusions also contain variable (2 to 55 vol %.) amounts of chlorides (halite and sylvite). In cases where the abundance of carbonates is relatively low (30–50 vol %), the other major phases within inclusions are chlorides (18–55 vol %) rather than daughter silicates, as could be expected based on the traditional paradigm of the silicate composition of kimberlite melts. Published data on melt inclusions in the kimberlite minerals strongly imply that parental kimberlite melts were generated and further evolved within the Na2O–K2O–CaO–MgO–CO2–Cl system, that is, they were alkali-rich carbonate/carbonate–chloride liquids. According to various estimates, SiO2 content in kimberlite melts could have varied during different stages of their evolution from a few to 19 wt %. Clearly, kimberlite bodies are altered in the crust via interaction with meteoric and/or connate waters, resulting in serpentinization of kimberlite olivine and dissolution of many bona fide magmatic minerals, such as alkali carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides. In the traditional approach to studying kimberlites, the role of such components as Na2O, CO2, Cl, and to a lesser extent K2O, S, and F in the petrogenesis of kimberlite magmas and rocks have been largely underestimated, while the roles of olivine- and serpentine-forming components, such as of SiO2, MgO, and H2O are still exaggerated.
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来源期刊
Petrology
Petrology 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
2.40
自引率
20.00%
发文量
27
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Petrology is a journal of magmatic, metamorphic, and experimental petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry. The journal offers comprehensive information on all multidisciplinary aspects of theoretical, experimental, and applied petrology. By giving special consideration to studies on the petrography of different regions of the former Soviet Union, Petrology provides readers with a unique opportunity to refine their understanding of the geology of the vast territory of the Eurasian continent. The journal welcomes manuscripts from all countries in the English or Russian language.
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