Multi-elemental chemostratigraphy of Triassic mudstones in eastern Svalbard: Implications for source rock formation in front of the World’s largest delta plain

Abstract

The Triassic Boreal Ocean was a shallow epicontinental basin and the sink of the World's largest delta plain known to date. Nutrient and freshwater supply from this delta have been regarded as important causes for high productivity and water mass stratification, forming Middle Triassic oil-prone source rocks. Recent studies attribute upwelling and a productivity-induced oxygen minimum zone as important factors. A multi-elemental chemostratigraphic study of a Spathian–Carnian mudstone succession exposed in eastern Svalbard was performed to investigate their formation. This includes 89 samples from three localities, from which 34 elements were acquired using combustion and X-ray fluorescence analyses. The goal is to provide a correlation framework and infer the role of productivity, redox and water mass restriction on organic matter accumulation and source rock formation. These processes had major impact on the source potential. The Spathian Vendomdalen Member suggests deposition during intermittent benthic euxinia and low productivity, corresponding with a reported deep thermocline that obstructed upwelling. The lower Anisian lower–middle Muen Member shows negligible enrichment in redox-sensitive elements but in situ phosphate nodules, consistent with developing upwelling and moderate productivity. The middle Anisian upper Muen Member formed during high productivity and phosphogenesis and is linked with basin-wide upwelling. Productivity, phosphate and redox proxies are all strongly enriched in the upper Anisian–Ladinian Blanknuten Member. In the south-western Barents Sea, the pro-deltaic environment of the emerging Triassic Boreal Ocean delta system had terminated these conditions. The upper Ladinian upper Blanknuten Member formed within intermittent euxinic bottom waters due to the shallowing sea level. The Carnian Tschermakfjellet Formation marks the dominance of the prograding delta system and the end of Triassic oil-prone source rock formation in Svalbard.