Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century

IF 0.4 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
F. Figueira, Marta Matos, Aida Maria Nunes, M. Afonso, A. C. Rocha, J. Campelo, T. Ferreira
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

Three surveys on the occurrence of foxing stains were carried out on papers dating from 1560 to 1975 in three Portuguese collections. Foxed papers were found to be more intensely and intrusively stained in certain time periods of each collection. Based on historical data and the professional paper conservation expertise, the authors linked the increased occurrence of foxing stains in certain time periods to the new papermaking processes and materials, which began to be introduced in the late 18th century, and in particular to a synergistic effect between three factors: the use of deficient gelatine sizing which began to present a poorer quality and homogeneity, the presence of iron-containing impurities throughout the paper leaf and a distinct absorbency of moisture. Observing batches of morphologically similar papers by using photographic imaging with different types of light sources and incidences, the authors verified that similar papers present similar foxing stains. Resumo Foram efetuados levantamentos sobre a ocorrência de manchas de foxing em papéis de 1560 a 1975 em três acervos nacionais. Observou-se, em cada um dos espólios, que certos períodos de tempo apresentavam um surgimento mais intenso e intrusivo dessas manchas. Com base em informação histórica e na experiência profissional na área da conservação de papel, os autores relacionaram este facto com novas tecnologias e materiais usados no processo de produção de papel a partir do último quartel do século XVIII e, particularmente, com a possibilidade de existência de um efeito sinergético entre a diminuição de qualidade ou falha de uniformização da encolagem de gelatina, a presença de novos procedimentos ou aditivos ricos em impurezas contendo iões ferro e uma sorbência irregular de humidade na folha. Também verificaram, através de imagens fotográficas com diferentes incidências e tipos de radiação, que grupos de papéis morfologicamente semelhantes apresentam manchas de foxing também semelhantes.
从16世纪到20世纪的三个纸张收藏中关于foxing污渍的思考
对三本葡萄牙收藏的1560年至1975年的纸张进行了三次关于狐狸污渍发生情况的调查。在每个收藏的特定时间段,狐狸纸被发现染色更强烈、更具侵入性。根据历史数据和专业的纸张保护专业知识,作者将某些时间段内狐狸污渍的增加与18世纪末开始引入的新造纸工艺和材料联系起来,尤其是三个因素之间的协同效应:使用的明胶上浆开始呈现出较差的质量和均匀性,整个纸页中存在含铁杂质,以及明显吸收水分。作者通过使用不同类型光源和入射角的摄影成像观察了一批批形态相似的纸张,证实了相似的纸张存在相似的散色。从1560年到1975年,对三个国家收藏的纸张上出现的散兵点进行了调查。据观察,在每一个战利品中,在特定的时间段内,这些斑点都呈现出更强烈、更具侵入性的外观。根据纸张保护领域的历史信息和专业经验,作者将这一事实与18世纪末纸张生产过程中使用的新技术和材料联系起来,特别是,质量下降或未能标准化明胶收缩、存在富含含铁离子杂质的新工艺或添加剂以及叶片中不规则的吸湿剂之间可能存在协同效应。他们还通过不同入射率和辐射类型的照片图像验证了形态相似的纸张组呈现出相似的散点。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Conservar Patrimonio
Conservar Patrimonio HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
0.80
自引率
0.00%
发文量
5
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊介绍: Conservar Património is a journal, published three times a year, that intends to create a space for the diffusion of conservator-restorers’ studies and activities. However, at a time when Conservation-Restoration pretends to develop further through collaboration with other areas of knowledge, such as History of Art, Archaeology, Museum Studies, Chemistry, Physics, Biology and other related disciplines from the fields of the natural and social sciences, the journal also receives contributions from any other provenance as long as directed towards the multiple dimensions of the works that integrate our Cultural Heritage. Theoretical issues on the conservation activity may also be submitted.
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