i-Sample: Augment Domain Adversarial Adaptation Models for WiFi-based HAR

Abstract

Recently using deep learning to achieve WiFi-based human activity recognition (HAR) has drawn significant attention. While capable to achieve accurate identification in a single domain (i.e., training and testing in the same consistent WiFi environment), it would become extremely tough when WiFi environments change significantly. As such, domain adversarial neural networks based approaches have been proposed to handle such diversities across domains, yet often found to share the same limitation in practice: the imbalance between high-capacity of feature extractors and data insufficiency of source domains. This paper proposes i-Sample, an intermediate sample generation-based framework, striving to tackle this issue for WiFi-based HAR. i-Sample is mainly designed as two-stage training, where four data augmentation operations are proposed to train a coarse domain-invariant feature extractor in the first stage. In the second stage, we leverage the gradients of classification error to generate intermediate samples to refine the classifiers together with original samples, making i-Sample also capable to be integrated into most domain adversarial adaptation methods without neural network modification. We have implemented a prototype system to evaluate i-Sample, which shows that i-Sample can effectively augment the performance of nowadays mainstream domain adversarial adaptation models for WiFi-based HAR, especially when source domain data is insufficient.