Dictadura modernizante, (seudo)opinión pública y dualismo cultural en la España de los años sesenta

Abstract

espanolLa reconstruccion de una opinion publica tuvo, en el caso espanol, algunas caracteristicas que la diferenciaron de las democracias surgidas de la derrota del fascismo. La larga duracion y la evolucion de la dictadura franquista posibilitaron la apertura de ciertos espacios de debate en su fase final, tras la aprobacion de la Ley de Prensa e Imprenta en 1966. Sin embargo, esos espacios estuvieron lejos de constituir una opinion publica normalizada, y surgieron, sobre todo, de la resistencia de la sociedad civil. Ademas, hubo niveles de socializacion distintos segun los medios de comunicacion: la prensa se dirigia a una minoria lectora, mas movilizada en su apoyo u oposicion a la dictadura, mientras que la television y la radio abarcaban a un publico mucho mas amplio, con un predominio de actitudes desmovilizadas. A diferencia de la construccion del welfare europeo de posguerra, donde el acceso al disfrute del ocio y la cultura se contemplaba como uno de los objetivos del bienestar economico, la modernizacion franquista trato deliberadamente de evitar la formacion de una ciudadania. Un modelo de dualizacion cultural que dejo como herencia la naciente democracia EnglishIn Spain, the reconstruction of public opinion had a number of characteristics that differentiated it from the democracies emerging after the defeat of fascism. Because of the longevity and evolution of Franco’s dictatorship, certain spaces for debate opened up in its final phase after the adoption of the Press and Printing Law of 1966. These spaces, however, were a far cry from normalised public opinion; rather, they arose primarily out of the resistance of civil society. In addition, the levels of socialisation varied by form of media: the printed press addressed a minority readership, which was more highly mobilised in its support for or opposition to the dictatorship, while television and radio reached a much wider public, where demobilised attitudes were predominant. Unlike the construction of the post-war European welfare state in which access to leisure and culture was regarded as one of the aims of economic well-being, Francoist modernisation took deliberate steps to avoid the formation of a citizenry, leaving the legacy of a model of cultural dualism for the nascent democracy that followed