Prediction of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases after Vaccination: Based on Statistical and Deep Learning Models

Abstract

In this paper, we analyze and predict the number of daily confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) based on two statistical models and a deep learning (DL) model; the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH), and the stacked long short-term memory deep neural network (LSTM DNN). We find the orders of the statistical models by the autocorrelation function and the partial autocorrelation function, and the hyperparameters of the DL model, such as the numbers of LSTM cells and blocks of a cell, by the exhaustive search. Ten datasets are used in the experiment; nine countries and the world datasets, from Dec. 31, 2019, to Feb. 22, 2021, provided by the WHO. We investigate the effects of data size and vaccination on performance. Numerical results show that performance depends on the used data's dates and vaccination. It also shows that the prediction by the LSTM DNN is better than those of the two statistical models. Based on the experimental results, the percentage improvements of LSTM DNN are up to 88.54% (86.63%) and 90.15% (87.74%) compared to ARIMA and GARCH, respectively, in mean absolute error (root mean squared error). While the performances of ARIMA and GARCH are varying according to the datasets. The obtained results may provide a criterion for the performance ranges and prediction accuracy of the COVID-19 daily confirmed cases.Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0302-7 Full Text: PDF