Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 53 benzodiazepines in illicit drug samples.

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI:10.2139/ssrn.4393461

Heather D. Whitehead, Kathleen L. Hayes, James F. Swartz, Marya Lieberman

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Abstract

An LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of 53 benzodiazepines, including various designer benzodiazepines, was developed. The developed method was applied to a total of 79 illicit street drug samples collected in Chicago, IL. Of these samples, 68 (84%) had detectable amounts of at least one benzodiazepine. Further, of the 53 benzodiazepines included in the developed method just 14 were measured in samples. Clonazolam, a potent designer benzodiazepine and derivative of clonazepam, was the most frequently measured benzodiazepine in 63% of samples and was measured in the highest concentrations. Other benzodiazepines measured in more than 10% of samples included clonazepam, alprazolam, flualprazolam, and oxazepam. Mixtures of benzodiazepines were frequently measured in samples, with just 24% of samples containing just one benzodiazepine. To determine the response of benzodiazepines on a rapid, point-of-use drug checking tool, all 53 benzodiazepine standards were screened on a lateral flow immunoassay benzodiazepine test strip. Sixty eight percent of standards gave a positive BTS response at a concentration of 20 μg/mL, demonstrating BTS have response to a wide variety of benzodiazepines, including many designer benzodiazepines. A comparison of this data to previous data reported for the same samples demonstrated all samples containing a benzodiazepine also had an opioid present, with fentanyl being present in 94% of benzodiazepine samples. These results highlight high rates of polysubstance drug presence in Chicago, IL illicit drug samples, posing an increased risk of drug overdoses in people who use drugs.

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液相色谱串联质谱法分析非法药物样品中53种苯二氮卓类药物的建立和验证。

开发了一种LC-MS/MS方法来分析53种苯二氮卓类药物，包括各种设计的苯二氮卓类药物。所开发的方法被应用于在伊利诺伊州芝加哥收集的总共79个非法街头毒品样本。在这些样本中，68个（84%）至少含有一种苯二氮卓类药物。此外，在所开发的方法中包括的53种苯二氮卓类药物中，只有14种在样本中进行了测量。氯那唑仑是一种强效的设计苯二氮卓类药物和氯硝西泮的衍生物，在63%的样本中是最常被检测到的苯二氮卓类药物，并且浓度最高。在超过10%的样本中测得的其他苯二氮卓类药物包括氯硝西泮、阿普唑仑、氟阿普唑伦和奥西泮。苯二氮卓类药物的混合物经常在样本中进行测量，只有24%的样本只含有一种苯二氮卓物。为了确定苯二氮卓类药物在快速使用点药物检查工具上的反应，在侧流免疫测定苯二氮卓物试纸条上筛选了所有53种苯二氮唑类标准品。68%的标准品在20μg/mL的浓度下对BTS有阳性反应，表明BTS对多种苯二氮卓类药物有反应，包括许多设计的苯二氮卓类药物。将这一数据与之前报告的相同样本的数据进行比较，表明所有含有苯二氮卓类药物的样本也存在阿片类药物，94%的苯二氮卓类药物样本中存在芬太尼。这些结果突显了伊利诺伊州芝加哥非法药物样本中多物质药物的高存在率，这增加了吸毒者药物过量的风险。

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来源期刊

Forensic Chemistry CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL-

CiteScore

5.70

自引率

14.80%

发文量

审稿时长

46 days

期刊介绍： Forensic Chemistry publishes high quality manuscripts focusing on the theory, research and application of any chemical science to forensic analysis. The scope of the journal includes fundamental advancements that result in a better understanding of the evidentiary significance derived from the physical and chemical analysis of materials. The scope of Forensic Chemistry will also include the application and or development of any molecular and atomic spectrochemical technique, electrochemical techniques, sensors, surface characterization techniques, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, chemometrics and statistics, and separation sciences (e.g. chromatography) that provide insight into the forensic analysis of materials. Evidential topics of interest to the journal include, but are not limited to, fingerprint analysis, drug analysis, ignitable liquid residue analysis, explosives detection and analysis, the characterization and comparison of trace evidence (glass, fibers, paints and polymers, tapes, soils and other materials), ink and paper analysis, gunshot residue analysis, synthetic pathways for drugs, toxicology and the analysis and chemistry associated with the components of fingermarks. The journal is particularly interested in receiving manuscripts that report advances in the forensic interpretation of chemical evidence. Technology Readiness Level: When submitting an article to Forensic Chemistry, all authors will be asked to self-assign a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) to their article. The purpose of the TRL system is to help readers understand the level of maturity of an idea or method, to help track the evolution of readiness of a given technique or method, and to help filter published articles by the expected ease of implementation in an operation setting within a crime lab.