Settings and indications of ultrasound in imaging of shoulder, foot, and ankle

Abstract

Ultrasonography is a well-established musculoskeletal imaging technique with a multitude of advantages when compared to other modalities. It provides great spatial resolution in the evaluation of superficial articular and peri-articular structures including tendons, ligaments, bursae, and nerves. Given that it is the only modality which allows dynamic assessment, it also plays a crucial role in diagnosing impingement, subluxation/dislocation, and instability. The purpose of this article is to review the settings and indications of US in the imaging of shoulder, foot, and ankle in particular. Relevant literature, predominantly in the form of peer-reviewed journal articles was obtained from the electronic databases such as PubMed and MEDLINE and reviewed in a structured manner. This was combined with background knowledge and expertise in this field.