From Slaves to Índios: Empire, Slavery, and Race (Maranhão, Brazil, c.1740–90)

IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY
Alexandre Pelegrino
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Northern Brazil experienced consequential socio-economic and legal transformation by the mid-eighteenth century in the context of imperial reforms. If the region relied for decades on the enslavement of Indigenous Americans, the Portuguese crown banned the practiced in 1755. To develop a plantation economy, the monarchy created a trading company responsible for shipping unprecedented number of enslaved Africans. This article discusses ruptures and continuities on the enslavement of Indigenous Americans. It focuses on one city, São Luís, and makes extensive use of Catholic sources (baptisms and marriages), notarial records, and legal cases. The article analyzes the connection between mechanisms that allowed the resilience of slavery (or forms that resembled slavery) and attempts to claim and preserve freedom or autonomy, in this case the strategic use of the índio status. The article develops two of those mechanisms: social dependencies created within the households and the use of socio-racial classifications by the colonial society. I make two interconnected arguments. First, I propose a bottom-up process of Indigenous slavery abolition. Indigenous workers were savvy litigants and they fought for their place as mobile wage laborers within the city. Second, in that moment of socio-economic and legal transformations, slaveholders developed vernacular practices stressing black maternal origins to slaves.
从奴隶到Índios:帝国、奴隶制和种族(maranh,巴西,约1740 - 90年)
到18世纪中期,在帝国改革的背景下,巴西北部经历了重大的社会经济和法律变革。如果说该地区几十年来一直依赖对美洲原住民的奴役,那么葡萄牙王室在1755年就禁止了这种做法。为了发展种植园经济,君主制成立了一家贸易公司,负责运送数量空前的被奴役非洲人。本文论述了美国原住民奴役问题的断裂与延续。它专注于一个城市,São LuíS,并广泛利用天主教来源(洗礼和婚姻)、公证记录和法律案件。文章分析了允许奴隶制(或类似奴隶制的形式)恢复力的机制与主张和维护自由或自治的尝试之间的联系,在这种情况下,是对índio地位的战略利用。本文发展了其中两种机制:家庭内部产生的社会依赖性和殖民社会对社会种族分类的使用。我提出了两个相互关联的论点。首先,我提出了一个自下而上的废除土著奴隶制度的进程。土著工人是精明的诉讼当事人,他们在城市中为自己作为流动工资劳动者的地位而战。其次,在那个社会经济和法律变革的时刻,奴隶主发展了强调黑人母亲出身的本土习俗。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.10
自引率
12.50%
发文量
42
期刊介绍: Law and History Review (LHR), America"s leading legal history journal, encompasses American, European, and ancient legal history issues. The journal"s purpose is to further research in the fields of the social history of law and the history of legal ideas and institutions. LHR features articles, essays, commentaries by international authorities, and reviews of important books on legal history. American Society for Legal History
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