Cholinesterasen mit Nebenjobs

Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Laura E. Sperling, Janine Spieker, Elmar Willbold, Paul G. Layer
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Moonlighting cholinesterases in non-synaptic cholinergic mechanisms

The early phylogenetic and ontogenetic appearance of acetylcholine (ACh) and its cholinergic protein components render their possible functionalities, apart from purely neuronal ones, most likely. The capacities of cholinesterases (ChEs) to form large protein complexes opened wide functional fields for them. Already existent in stem cells, ChEs in cooperation with components of the cell matrix (ECM) promote cell differentiation, whereby their enzymatic activity is (at least partially) dispensable. This is independently supported by effects of inactive AChE protein exerted in non-neuronal cells, as well as the discovery of cholinesterase-like adhesion molecules (CLAMs). Therefore, much evidence supports the conclusion that the original functionalities of cholinesterases, and, more generally of cholinergic systems, are to be sought in cell-cell-communication. Here, these views were exemplified by some in vitro and in vivo model studies. In the vertebrate retina early differentiating amacrine cells co-regulate network formation. Similarly potent are cholinergic mechanisms during skeletogenesis. ACh accelerates bone formation, and ChEs not only regulate its concentration, but exert additional structural functions. As much convincing, a study on tadpoles documented that gut formation in Xenopus laevis depends strictly on the AChE protein, but not on its enzymatic activity. A full elucidation of ChE functionalities is essential, since a multitude of anticholinesterases (ChE inhibitors) are widely applied in public life (agriculture, health, security). It is timely that cholinergic research focuses on elucidation of non-synaptic ChEs, and on analyzing non-neuronal cholinergic systems (NNCS) in general.

Abstract Image

第二班
乙酰胆碱(ACh)及其胆碱能蛋白组分的早期系统发育和个体发育表现,使它们除了具有纯粹的神经元功能外,最有可能具有可能的功能。胆碱酯酶(ChEs)形成大型蛋白质复合物的能力为它们开辟了广阔的功能领域。ChEs已经存在于干细胞中,与细胞基质成分(ECM)合作促进细胞分化,因此它们的酶活性(至少部分)是可有可无的。非神经元细胞中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性蛋白的作用,以及胆碱酯酶样粘附分子(CLAMs)的发现,都独立支持了这一观点。因此,许多证据支持这一结论,即胆碱酯酶的原始功能,更广泛地说,胆碱能系统的功能,是在细胞-细胞通讯中寻找的。在这里,这些观点是例证一些体外和体内模型研究。在脊椎动物视网膜的早期分化无突细胞共同调节网络的形成。同样有效的是骨骼形成过程中的胆碱能机制。乙酰胆碱促进骨形成,ChEs不仅调节其浓度,还发挥额外的结构功能。同样令人信服的是,一项对蝌蚪的研究表明,非洲爪蟾的肠道形成严格取决于乙酰胆碱酯酶蛋白,而不是它的酶活性。充分阐明ChE的功能是必要的,因为许多抗胆碱酯酶(ChE抑制剂)广泛应用于公共生活(农业,卫生,安全)。胆碱能研究的重点是阐明非突触的胆碱能,并分析非神经元的胆碱能系统(NNCS)。
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来源期刊
Biologie in Unserer Zeit
Biologie in Unserer Zeit Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all)
CiteScore
0.20
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
期刊介绍: Die Biologie avanciert im Eiltempo zur zentralen Wissenschaft dieses Jahrhunderts. Biologie in unserer Zeit gibt Einblicke in komplexe Zusammenhänge und Einsichten in das gesamte Spektrum der Biologie. Namhafte Autoren bringen Ihnen die aufregenden Neuentwicklungen näher - auf verständliche Weise und farbig illustriert. In den Rubriken jeder Ausgabe finden Profis und solche, die es werden wollen: - Neuestes aus Forschung und Anwendung - Witziges, Wesentliches und Rätselhaftes - Historisches Hintergrundwissen - Lesenswertes, Berufe, Hinweise zu Fort- und Weiterbildung und vieles mehr.... Begleiten Sie die Autoren von Biologie in unserer Zeit bei der Forschung oder zu seltenen Lebensräumen und Lebensformen. Nutzen Sie die Rubrik „Das Experiment" zum Nachvollziehen spannender Versuche, lernen Sie verschiedene Bioberufe kennen und lassen Sie sich durch Buchbesprechungen zu neuer Lektüre anregen. Biologie in unserer Zeit ist das Verbandsorgan des Verbandes Biologie, Biowissenschaften und Biomedizin in Deutschland e. V. (VBIO)
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