The Certaintists

Abstract

We see that both deliberation and action are causative with regard to the future, and that, to speak more generally . . . there is a potentiality in either direction. Such things may either be or not be; events also therefore may either take place or not take place. . . . It is therefore plain that it is not of necessity that everything is or takes place; but in some instances there are real alternatives. —Aristotle, “On Interpretation”