Mycorrhizal fungi reduce fitness differences, but coexistence is determined by differences in intrinsic plant mycorrhizal responsiveness

Abstract

Plant–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) associations can mediate soil resources among competing plants to influence plant resource capture and fitness, making AMF a potential agent of plant coexistence. We assessed plant coexistence, via niche and fitness differences, using six plant species varying in their mycorrhizal status. We grew the species in 15 competitive pairs with or without AMF. Effects of AMF on coexistence were determined by parametrising pairwise Lotka–Volterra plant competition models. Responses of the six plant species to AMF were determined by comparing the shoot biomass of single plants grown in the absence of any competition with AMF to the shoot biomass without AMF. The inoculation with AMF reduced the fitness differences between competitors, but the degree of AMF-mediated coexistence depended on the identity of the competing plant species. A greater AMF response difference between competing plant species reduced niche overlap and increased coexistence. These results show that while AMF generally reduce fitness differences, the equalizing effect of AMF is not always strong enough to overcome a competitive imbalance due to niche overlap and thus does not always lead to coexistence. Instead, it is the intrinsic growth response of different plant species to AMF can predict reduced niche overlap that in turn leads to coexistence. This implies that mycorrhizal dependence is a plant strategy to reduce niche overlap with competitors allowing for greater coexistence.