Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
D. James
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引用次数: 8

Abstract

Abstract Monarch butterflies in western North America typically migrate each fall from the Pacific Northwest to overwintering sites in California. Winter 2020/21 saw the lowest number of overwintering western monarch butterflies ever recorded, but was also marked by a winter-breeding population in the San Francisco bay area that appeared to be the largest ever seen. Recoveries of monarchs with wing tags from the Pacific Northwest suggested that many non-reproductive migrants in fall 2020 became reproductive in the San Francisco bay area and did not reach coastal overwintering sites. Mean daily maximum temperatures for San Francisco during fall and winter increased by ~1 °C during the past decade and were 2.5 °C above the 30 year mean during September-October 2020. Warm fall and winter temperatures along with the availability of non-native milkweeds likely caused the increase in winter breeding in winter 2020/21. The outcome of continued winter-breeding in the San Francisco bay area is uncertain. Whether it becomes a sink or source will be dependent on whether winter-breeding monarchs can re-enter their migratory state during spring. However, endemic levels of infection by the protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE), are often high in winter-breeding monarchs which can limit migration success. The eventual co-existence of winter-breeding and non-breeding monarch populations in northern and central California is probable, with an optimistic view suggesting that the adaptability of the monarch butterfly will allow it to persist in a changed environment.
北美西部君主:是逐渐消失还是适应不断变化的环境?
北美西部的帝王蝶通常每年秋天从太平洋西北部迁移到加利福尼亚的越冬地点。2020/21冬季是有记录以来过冬的西部帝王蝶数量最少的一年,但旧金山湾区的冬季繁殖种群似乎是有史以来最大的。来自太平洋西北地区的带翼标签的帝王蝶的恢复表明,2020年秋季,许多非生殖移民在旧金山湾区开始繁殖,没有到达沿海越冬地点。旧金山秋季和冬季的平均日最高气温在过去十年中增加了~1°C,比2020年9月至10月的30年平均值高出2.5°C。温暖的秋冬气温以及非本地乳草的可用性可能导致2020/21冬季冬季育种增加。在旧金山湾区继续冬季繁殖的结果是不确定的。它是成为汇还是源将取决于冬季繁殖的帝王蝶能否在春季重新进入迁徙状态。然而,在冬季繁殖的黑脉金斑蝶中,原生动物寄生虫电隐体(Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, OE)的地方性感染水平往往很高,这可能限制了迁徙的成功。在加州北部和中部,冬季繁殖和非繁殖的帝王蝶种群最终可能共存,乐观的观点认为,帝王蝶的适应性将使其能够在变化的环境中生存下去。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Animal Migration
Animal Migration Environmental Science-Ecology
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
3
审稿时长
18 weeks
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