How Prospective Direct and Indirect Reciprocity Influence 4- to 6-Year-Old’s Sharing

Abstract

Although an abundance of evidence support that preschoolers use reciprocity as a reply to others, lesser is known about how they use this strategy in initiating social interactions. Aiming to explore this question, the current study focused on two forms of prospective reciprocity, direct and indirect (downstream) reciprocity. Two studies were conducted in which the chance for prospective reciprocity was implicit (study 1) and explicit (study 2). Specifically, 4- to 6-year-olds were asked to share stickers with a non-shown recipient, a shown recipient, or a non-shown recipient while a witness was observing. In study 1, preschoolers did not know whether the shown recipient/witness would interact with them later. In study 2, they knew the shown recipient/witness would be asked to share with them subsequently. Results revealed that, despite the implicit/explicit chance of prospective reciprocity, preschoolers shared more in the prospective direct reciprocity condition than the control/prospective indirect downstream reciprocity conditions. In addition, comparing the two studies found no difference found between the implicit and explicit situations. Overall, these findings indicate that preschoolers have taken direct reciprocity, rather than indirect (downstream) reciprocity in guiding their initial sharing with others. Implications of these findings are further discussed.