NGOs Facilitating Internal Governance Processes in Community Forestry Initiatives

IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
K. Kusters, C. Benneker, S. Dangal, M. D. de Graaf, Nathalie Faure, M. Greijmans, J. Livingstone, B. Louman, A. Maindo, Charles Mpoyi, Sagesse Nziavake, N. Pasiecznik, Rosemarie Joy Quetula, Nelissa Maria Rocas, Carlos Rodríguez, Amsale Shibeshi
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

All over the world, Indigenous and local communities use, manage and protect forest lands in their surroundings – broadly referred to as community forestry. Community forestry has the potential to support local livelihoods while contributing to the conservation and restoration of forests – crucial to tackle the global biodiversity and climate crises (Aggarwal et al., 2021; Ding et al., 2016; WWF, 2021). It has been suggested that community forestry can contribute to at least 13 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (De Jong et al., 2018), and it can be a key component of ‘other effective area-based conservation measures’ (OECMs) as defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), referring to areas outside of protected areas where local actors sustain biodiversity, irrespective of their core management goals (Alves-Pinto et al., 2021; Castillo & Tugendhat, 2022; Gurney et al., 2021). Over the last decades, many governments have installed policies in support of community forestry, allowing communities to apply for formal tenure rights over forest lands, giving them greater control to use and manage forest resources according to their own customs and needs (RRI, 2020). This thus implies the transfer of certain forest-related rights and responsibilities from the state to communities. In this process, a community is often represented by a governance body, which can be based on traditional leadership (e.g. a village chief) or a newly established institution (e.g. a community forest management committee or community forest users groups). The transfer of authority over forest management and the use of land is often partial, resulting in an agreement between the government and the community about rights, responsibilities and benefit distribution (Cronkleton et al., 2012). The formalization of community forest tenure rights provides communities with an increased level of protection against expropriation by external actors. It allows communities to secure access to natural resources for their own livelihoods, and may secure or increase opportunities to derive economic benefits from forest management, for example by harvesting and selling timber and non-timber forest products, setting up ecotourism businesses or through carbon payments. The formalization of community forest tenure rights may also contribute to the recognition and reinforcement of customary rights to forests (rights that are rooted in long-standing customs, rather than in state laws), and increase local self-determination (Kusters & De Graaf, 2019). Local governments are often responsible for the implementation of tenure policies, which offers opportunities for greater local engagement, but also presents challenges in
非政府组织促进社区林业倡议的内部治理进程
在世界各地,土著和当地社区利用、管理和保护其周围的森林土地,这被广泛地称为社区林业。社区林业具有支持当地生计的潜力,同时有助于森林的保护和恢复,这对于解决全球生物多样性和气候危机至关重要(Aggarwal等人,2021;Ding et al., 2016;世界自然基金会,2021年)。有人认为,社区林业可以为联合国17个可持续发展目标(sdg)中的至少13个做出贡献(De Jong等人,2018),它可以成为《生物多样性公约》(CBD)定义的“其他有效的基于区域的保护措施”(oecm)的关键组成部分,指的是保护区以外的地区,当地行动者维持生物多样性,而不管其核心管理目标如何(Alves-Pinto等人,2021;Castillo & Tugendhat, 2022;Gurney et al., 2021)。在过去的几十年里,许多政府制定了支持社区林业的政策,允许社区申请对林地的正式所有权,使他们能够根据自己的习惯和需求更大地控制使用和管理森林资源(RRI, 2020)。因此,这意味着将某些与森林有关的权利和责任从国家转移到社区。在这一过程中,社区通常由一个治理机构代表,该机构可以基于传统的领导(如村长)或新成立的机构(如社区森林管理委员会或社区森林用户组)。森林管理权和土地使用权的转移往往是局部的,导致政府和社区之间就权利、责任和利益分配达成一致(Cronkleton et al., 2012)。社区森林权属的正规化为社区提供了更大程度的保护,使其免受外部行为者的征用。它使社区能够确保为自己的生计获得自然资源,并可能确保或增加从森林管理中获得经济利益的机会,例如通过采伐和销售木材和非木材林产品,建立生态旅游业务或通过碳支付。社区林权的正规化也可能有助于承认和加强对森林的习惯权利(植根于长期习俗而不是国家法律的权利),并增加地方自决(Kusters & De Graaf, 2019)。地方政府通常负责权属政策的实施,这为地方参与提供了机会,但也带来了挑战
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来源期刊
Tropical Conservation Science
Tropical Conservation Science BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION-
CiteScore
3.60
自引率
5.90%
发文量
16
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Tropical Conservation Science is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research papers and state-of-the-art reviews of broad interest to the field of conservation of tropical forests and of other tropical ecosystems.
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