Ethnonationalism and the changing pattern of ethnic Kazakhs’ emigration from China to Kazakhstan

IF 2.3 3区 社会学 Q1 AREA STUDIES
Zhe Zhang, Sansar Tsakhirmaa
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Amid the post-Cold War global revival of ethnonationalism, Kazakhstan – a newly independent state born out of the collapse of the Soviet Union – launched its ‘ethnic repatriation programme’, encouraging ethnic Kazakhs from outside Kazakhstan to ‘return home’. China has a large ethnic Kazakh population and shares a border of more than 1500 km with Kazakhstan in Xinjiang. Since the 1990s, over 150,000 ethnic Kazakhs originally from China have chosen to emigrate to Kazakhstan. Sketching China’s and Kazakhstan’s state policies toward ethnic Kazakh migration since the 1990s, this article addresses how different factors and rationales have shaped individuals’ decisions to emigrate to Kazakhstan or to stay in China. The article relies upon available, multilingual data and over 30 in-depth interviews with respondents in both Kazakhstan and China. We argue that, for ethnic Kazakhs emigrating from China to Kazakhstan, socio-economically and environmentally based rationales, including perceptions of developmental prospects, social welfare benefits and social ties were most salient during the 2000s. However, since the late 2000s, politico-culturally based rationales, such as ethno-nationalism, Kazakh linguistic and cultural concerns, educational opportunities, and other factors have become increasingly salient especially during the 2010s.
民族民族主义与哈萨克族从中国移民到哈萨克斯坦的变化模式
在冷战后全球民族主义复兴的背景下,哈萨克斯坦——一个在苏联解体后诞生的新独立国家——启动了“民族遣返计划”,鼓励哈萨克斯坦境外的哈萨克族人“回国”。中国有大量的哈萨克族人口,在新疆与哈萨克斯坦有1500多公里的共同边界。上世纪90年代以来,已有15万多名中国哈萨克族人选择移民哈萨克斯坦。本文概述了自20世纪90年代以来中国和哈萨克斯坦对哈萨克族移民的国家政策,探讨了不同的因素和理由如何影响个人移民到哈萨克斯坦或留在中国的决定。本文依赖于现有的多语种数据,以及对哈萨克斯坦和中国受访者的30多次深度访谈。我们认为,对于从中国移民到哈萨克斯坦的哈萨克族人来说,基于社会经济和环境的理由,包括对发展前景、社会福利和社会关系的看法,在2000年代最为突出。然而,自2000年代末以来,基于政治文化的理由,如民族主义、哈萨克语言和文化问题、教育机会和其他因素,特别是在2010年代变得越来越突出。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
China Information
China Information AREA STUDIES-
CiteScore
3.50
自引率
4.80%
发文量
38
期刊介绍: China Information presents timely and in-depth analyses of major developments in contemporary China and overseas Chinese communities in the areas of politics, economics, law, ecology, culture, and society, including literature and the arts. China Information pays special attention to views and areas that do not receive sufficient attention in the mainstream discourse on contemporary China. It encourages discussion and debate between different academic traditions, offers a platform to express controversial and dissenting opinions, and promotes research that is historically sensitive and contemporarily relevant.
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