Lipid extraction from microalgae using pure caprolactam-based ionic liquids and with organic co-solvent

Rania A. Naiyl, F. Kengara, K. Kiriamiti, Y. A. Ragab
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

The main process limitation of microalgae biofuel technology is lack of cost-effective and efficient lipid extraction methods. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of six caprolactam-based ionic liquids (CPILs) namely, Caprolactamium chloride, Caprolactamium methyl sulphonate, Caprolactamium trifluoromethane sulfonate, Caprolactamium acetate, Caprolactamium hydrogen sulphate and Caprolactamium trifluoromethane-acetate—for extraction of lipids from wet and dry Spirulina platensis microalgae biomass. Of these, the first three are novel CPILs. The caprolactam-based ionic liquids (CPILs) were formed by a combination of caprolactam with different organic and inorganic Brønsted acids, and used for lipid extraction from wet and dry S. platensis microalgae biomass. Extraction of microalgae was performed in a reflux at 95 °C for 2 h using pure CPILs and mixtures of CPIL with methanol (as co-solvent) in a ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The microalgae biomass was mixed with the ILs/ methanol in a ratio of 1:19 (w/w) under magnetic stirring. The yield by control experiment from dry and wet biomass was found to be 9.5% and 4.1%, respectively. A lipid recovery of 10% from dry biomass was recorded with both caprolactamium acetate (CPAA) and caprolactamium trifluoroacetate (CPTFA), followed by caprolactamium chloride (CPHA, 9.3 ± 0.1%). When the CPILs were mixed with methanol, observable lipids’ yield enhancement of 14% and 8% (CPAA), 13% and 5% (CPTFA), and 11% and 6% (CPHA) were recorded from dry and wet biomass, respectively. The fatty acid composition showed that C16 and C18 were dominant, and this is comparable to results obtained from the traditional solvent (methanol-hexane) extraction method. The lower level of pigments in the lipids extracted with CPHA and CPTFA is one of the advantages of using CPILs because they lower the cost of biodiesel production by reducing the purification steps. In conclusion, the three CPILs, CPAA, CPHA and CPTFA can be considered as promising green solvents in terms of energy and cost saving in the lipid extraction and thus biodiesel production process.
用纯己内酰胺基离子液体和有机助溶剂提取微藻脂质
微藻生物燃料技术的主要工艺限制是缺乏经济高效的脂质提取方法。因此,本研究的目的是研究六种基于己内酰胺的离子液体(CPILs)的有效性和效率,即氯化己内酰胺、甲基磺酸己内酰胺、三氟甲烷磺酸己内酰胺和乙酸己内酰胺,硫酸己内酰胺和三氟甲烷乙酸己内酰胺——用于从潮湿和干燥的钝顶螺旋藻微藻生物质中提取脂质。其中,前三种是新型的CPILs。基于己内酰胺的离子液体(CPILs)是由己内酰胺与不同的有机和无机Brønsted酸组合形成的,用于从湿和干的S.platensis微藻生物质中提取脂质。微藻的提取在95°C的回流中进行2小时,使用纯CPIL和CPIL与甲醇(作为共溶剂)的混合物,比例为1:1(w/w)。在磁力搅拌下将微藻生物质与离子液体/甲醇以1:19(w/w)的比例混合。干生物质和湿生物质的对照实验产量分别为9.5%和4.1%。己内酰胺乙酸酯(CPAA)和己内酰胺三氟乙酸酯(CPTFA)以及己内酰胺氯化铵(CPHA,9.3±0.1%)均记录了干生物质10%的脂质回收率。当CPIL与甲醇混合时,干生物质和湿生物质中可观察到的脂质产量分别提高了14%和8%(CPAA,13%和5%(CPTFA,以及11%和6%(CPHA))。脂肪酸组成显示C16和C18占主导地位,这与传统溶剂(甲醇-己烷)提取方法获得的结果相当。用CPHA和CPTFA提取的脂质中较低水平的色素是使用CPIL的优点之一,因为它们通过减少纯化步骤降低了生物柴油生产的成本。总之,在脂质提取和生物柴油生产过程中,CPAA、CPHA和CPTFA这三种CPIL可以被认为是很有前途的绿色溶剂。
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