According to the World Health Organization, more than 400 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes Due to its pathogenesis involving multiple factors such as neuropathy, vascular disease, and impaired immune function, patients are prone to problems such as decreased skin sensation, insufficient blood supply, and decreased immune function According to statistics, about 15%~25% of diabetes patients will have skin ulcers that are difficult to heal, that is, diabetes ulcers, which tend to occur in patients' lower limbs, feet or other parts prone to pressure At present, the main methods to promote the healing of diabetes ulcers include wound management, infection control, negative pressure suction, application of growth factors, skin substitutes and skin flaps However, because of its complex pathogenesis, the recurrence rate and disability rate of diabetes ulcer are still high, so more effective treatment methods need to be developed In recent years, as a cutting-edge treatment method, stem cell therapy has been widely studied and applied in many fields, and its therapeutic value in diabetes ulcer has also been widely verified Stem cells come from various sources, including hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, human embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells Among them, mesenchymal stem cells have a wide range of sources and multi-directional differentiation potential, which helps promote wound repair and tissue regeneration; In addition, mesenchymal stem cells can also release growth factors and cytokines, promote angiogenesis, reduce inflammatory reactions, and improve wound healing ability Therefore, mesenchymal stem cells have broad application prospects in the field of regenerative medicine The application of stem cells has a significant impact on the therapeutic effect of diseases At present, the application methods of stem cells are mainly divided into direct injection and tissue engineering construction Direct injection refers to the direct injection of stem cells into the area around an ulcer or wound to promote wound repair Tissue engineering refers to the cultivation of stem cells in vitro and the construction of tissue engineered composite materials, followed by the implantation of stem cell composite materials into wounds to achieve tissue repair and regeneration Research has shown that due to the complex inflammatory microenvironment on the wound surface, directly injected stem cells often quickly become inactive, resulting in low cell retention rate and poor therapeutic effect To solve this problem, scientists often use tissue engineering technology to develop various new cell scaffolds or carriers as stem cell delivery strategies Cell scaffolds and cell carriers can provide biological and physical support for stem cells to reduce their loss and inactivation during transportation It is worth noting that cell scaffolds with special shapes and structures have been proven to further enhance the delivery effect of stem cells Among them, the microneedle structure has significant advantages in transdermal delivery Micro needle refers to a small needle structure with a needle size range of several millimeters or submillimeters, which is smaller and sharper than traditional injection needles Microneedles only penetrate the epidermal layer of the skin and do not enter deep tissues or blood vessels. Therefore, drug delivery based on microneedles is a non-invasive and painless delivery method In addition, by piercing the stratum corneum, microneedles can directly transport substances into the lower layer of the skin tissue, greatly improving the skin permeability of drugs, allowing them to be more effectively absorbed and distributed by the skin to the target area Several studies have confirmed the superiority of microneedle based drug delivery strategy in the treatment of diabetes ulcer For example, microneedles can penetrate the bacterial biofilm with antibiotic resistance on the surface of diabetes ulcer, so that drugs can effectively act on the deep tissue of the wound Meanwhile, changing the growth mode of stem cells to enhance their therapeutic effect is another research hotspot in the field of stem cell therapy Generally speaking, stem cells grown under two-dimensional culture conditions have significant differences from their three-dimensional natural growth patterns, which greatly limits their function and therapeutic effectiveness Compared to traditional two-dimensional culture, three-dimensional cultured cell aggregates have structural characteristics closer to real tissues This three-dimensional structure is more in line with the natural growth environment of cells in the body, and can better simulate physiological processes such as cell interactions, signal transduction, and tissue development In addition, three-dimensional cell aggregates can exhibit specific functions and differentiation states, such as expressing specific genes, producing cell secretions, and undergoing specific physiological reactions Previous reports have shown that stem cell aggregates are more likely to survive compared to dispersed cells, and can migrate to the interior of skin wounds after injection, helping with epidermal reconstruction and angiogenesis Therefore, cultivating stem cell aggregates with three-dimensional structures and targeting them for delivery to diseased tissues has important research value in promoting stem cell therapy However, stem cell spheroids obtained by traditional three-dimensional cell spheroid culture methods (such as suspension culture, gel culture) are often uneven in size Excessive size
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