Molecular mechanisms of wound healing: the role of zinc as an essential microelement

Abstract

Introduction: In the course of evolution, humans developed a number of complex multi-step wound healing mechanisms which limit the infectious agents access to the bloodstream, protect the organism from blood loss, and restore skin integrity. The process of skin wound healing includes the following stages: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. These processes are possible because of modulators, growth factors, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases and cellular receptors, as well as some trace elements like zinc. Materials and Methods: The presented data was analyzed and compiled using all relevant articles describing the role of zinc in blood coagulation, proliferation, damaged tissues regeneration and angiogenesis. Results and Discussion: There are some on-going studies about zinc effects on blood coagulation, proliferation, damaged tissues regeneration and angiogenesis. However, molecular mechanisms of these processes are not yet fully understood and require further study.  The analysis of scientific efforts to investigate the role of zinc in wound healing molecular mechanisms is especially relevant to the understanding of treatment of skin wound injuries. Conclusion: Wound healing is a complex multi-phase process consisting of several phases. Each stage involves metal ions, primarily zinc, which stimulates re-epithelialization, decreases inflammation and bacterial growth. The use of known zinc-based drugs is accompanied by side effects and low efficacy due to low skin absorption. These factors significantly limit use of such drugs and highlight the urgency of finding new, more effective and safe treatment. The emerging field of nanobiotechnology may provide an alternative platform to develop new therapeutic agents for the wound healing process. Graphical Abstract