Accounting for the recreation benefits of the Flemish Natura 2000 network through landscape preferences and estimated spending

IF 1.8 Q3 ECOLOGY
L. de Nocker, I. Liekens, E. Verachtert, Jeremy De Valck, J. Staes, D. Vrebos, S. Broekx
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This paper describes the methods used to produce accounts for the recreational value of Natura 2000 areas in Flanders, Belgium. First, a biophysical account of recreation supply and demand is compiled and mapped. Demand is based on data for green visits per year per inhabitant and covers both recreation and nature-based tourism. It distinguishes local walking trips, local cycling, recreation trips with pre-transport and visits by tourists. The number of green visits is based on a combination of yearly statistics (for tourism, day trips) and irregular surveys (for local visits). The supply account is based on modelling predicted visits. The annual visits per inhabitant are attributed to ecosystems using a green visit prediction model that uses the extent and condition accounts related to availability of green-blue areas, accessibility, the attractive potential of landscapes for informal recreation (extent and condition accounts), residence and distance decay functions for different recreation types. Potential destinations include a wide range of green infrastructure, such as parks, forests, natural and agricultural areas and blue spaces (waterside and coastal natural areas). The attractiveness of landscapes is mainly based on an empirical study (choice experiment) in Flanders on people’s preferences for landscape features complemented by evidence from literature. The monetary accounts are preliminary, as there are unsufficient data available for Flanders to estimate the total value for the wide range of recreation types (from local walking and biking to tourism). Especially, data are missing to model travel and time costs for local visits (walking and biking), that account for a large share of total visits in Flanders. It should be noted that, for most visits, apart from nature-based tourism, valuation cannot be based on income fees or parking costs because, in Flanders, visits and parking are free. As unsufficient data are avaible to estimate travel and time costs in detail, we used Flemish data on average expenditure per visit per recreational type as a proxy. We discuss the limits of this preliminary approach and suggest further steps. In the results session, we discuss the implementation of the model to estimate the predicted visits to parts of the Natura2000 areas in Flanders in 2016 and 2018. As different land-uses are strongly interwoven in Flanders, these areas include a wide range of different land-uses and also areas close to residence used for local walking and biking. The differences between 2016 and 2018 illustrate how the model of predicted visits allows us to cope with land-use changes and improved quality and attractiveness of the landscapes in Natura2000 areas.
通过景观偏好和估计支出来计算佛兰德自然2000网络的娱乐效益
本文介绍了用于计算比利时佛兰德斯Natura 2000地区娱乐价值的方法。首先,编制并绘制了娱乐供需的生物物理账目。需求基于每个居民每年的绿色旅游数据,涵盖娱乐和自然旅游。它将当地步行旅行、当地自行车旅行、娱乐旅行与预交通和游客参观区分开来。绿色访问的数量是基于年度统计数据(旅游、一日游)和不定期调查(当地访问)的组合。供应账户基于预测访问量的建模。使用绿色访问预测模型将每位居民的年度访问归因于生态系统,该模型使用了与绿蓝色区域的可用性、可达性、非正规娱乐景观的吸引力潜力(范围和条件账户)、不同娱乐类型的居住和距离衰减函数相关的范围和条件账目。潜在目的地包括广泛的绿色基础设施,如公园、森林、自然和农业区以及蓝色空间(水边和沿海自然区)。景观的吸引力主要基于佛兰德斯对人们对景观特征偏好的实证研究(选择实验),并辅以文献证据。货币账户是初步的,因为佛兰德斯没有足够的数据来估计各种娱乐类型(从当地步行、骑自行车到旅游)的总价值。特别是,缺乏数据来模拟当地访问(步行和骑自行车)的旅行和时间成本,这些数据在佛兰德斯的总访问量中占很大比例。应该注意的是,对于大多数访问,除了基于自然的旅游外,估价不能基于收入费或停车费,因为在佛兰德斯,访问和停车是免费的。由于无法获得有效的数据来详细估计旅行和时间成本,我们使用了每种娱乐类型每次访问的平均支出的佛兰德数据作为代理。我们讨论了这种初步方法的局限性,并提出了进一步的步骤。在结果会议中,我们讨论了该模型的实施情况,以估计2016年和2018年对佛兰德斯Natura2000地区部分地区的预测访问量。由于不同的土地用途在佛兰德斯紧密交织,这些地区包括各种不同的土地使用,也包括靠近住宅的地区,用于当地步行和骑自行车。2016年和2018年之间的差异说明了预测访问模型如何使我们能够应对Natura2000地区土地使用的变化以及景观质量和吸引力的提高。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
One Ecosystem
One Ecosystem Environmental Science-Nature and Landscape Conservation
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
26
审稿时长
12 weeks
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