Modern changes of the runoff characteristics of the rivers of the Greater Caucasus

I. Aliyeva
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Abstract

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern changes in annual runoff, its main components – underground and surface runoff, as well as the minimum winter and summer-autumn runoff rivers of the Greater Caucasus within Azerbaijan. A brief review of previous studies on flow changes in the country is given. It is noted that in these works the method of geographical comparison and linear trend analysis were used. It is concluded that the changes in the surface and under ground runoff of the rivers of the Greater Caucasus due to climate change have not yet been analysed. The data on the runoff of 17 hydrological observation points covering 1934–2017 were analysed. All these hydrological observation points are located in the mountainous part of the river basins, i. e. runoff indices characterise the natural or conditionally natural regime of rivers. The annual values of the underground flow were determined as the arithmetic average of the monthly average minimum winter and summer-autumn water discharges. The annual values of surface runoff are calculated as the difference between annual and underground runoff. The method of geographical comparison is used. Calculations and generalisations of the results obtained are performed for different periods, according to the recommendations of the World Meteorological Organisation. It was revealed that, for 1981–2010 and 2001–2017 surface runoff of the rivers of the studied region decreased compared to runoff for the base period (1961–1990), due to a decrease in the amount of snow precipitation and a decrease in the volume of spring flood. However, there was a more significant increase in the underground flow of rivers and, therefore, an increase in annual flow was observed throughout the region. The dynamics of changes in the minimum river flow, especially in the winter season, is also positive, since over the past decades the snow cover has been melting earlier than usual, and favorable conditions are being created for the formation of groundwater that feeds the rivers during periods of minimal runoff. It is noted that the revealed nature of changes in various indices of river flow in the studied region is associated with climate change.
大高加索地区河流径流特征的现代变化
本文致力于分析阿塞拜疆境内大高加索地区年径流量的现代变化及其主要组成部分——地下和地表径流量,以及冬季和夏季秋季最小径流量河流。简要回顾了以往关于该国流量变化的研究。值得注意的是,在这些工作中使用了地理比较和线性趋势分析的方法。结论是,由于气候变化,大高加索地区河流的地表径流和地下径流的变化尚未得到分析。对1934年至2017年17个水文观测点的径流数据进行了分析。所有这些水文观测点都位于河流流域的山区,即径流指数表征了河流的自然或有条件的自然状况。地下流量的年值被确定为冬季和夏季秋季月平均最小排水量的算术平均值。地表径流量的年值计算为年径流量和地下径流量之间的差值。采用了地理比较法。根据世界气象组织的建议,对不同时期的结果进行了计算和概括。研究表明,与基准期(1961年至1990年)的径流量相比,1981年至2010年和2001年至2017年,由于雪降水量减少和春季洪水量减少,研究区域河流的地表径流量减少。然而,河流的地下流量显著增加,因此,整个地区的年流量都有所增加。最小河流流量的变化动态,尤其是在冬季,也是积极的,因为在过去几十年里,积雪比平时融化得更早,并且为形成地下水创造了有利条件,在最小径流时期为河流提供水源。值得注意的是,研究区域内各种河流流量指数的变化性质与气候变化有关。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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