Black Gill in Marine Decapod Crustaceans: A Review

IF 6.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 FISHERIES
M. Frischer, S. Landers, A. Walker, Shirley A. Powell, Richard F. Lee
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引用次数: 8

Abstract

Abstract Heavily melanized gills in crustaceans, often referred to as black gill, have been reported in both wild and cultured marine species. Tissue melanization is generally the result of a response of the crustacean innate immune system to the presence of an irritant or pathogen. While black gill can be caused by a variety of abiotic stressors and nutritional deficiencies, biotic agents are the cause of most reported black gill cases in crustaceans. In high density culture systems, fungi are identified as the most common causes of black gill outbreaks. In the wild, epidemic-scale outbreaks of black gill appear largely to be caused by ciliate rather than fungal infections. Black gill epidemics caused by ciliates have recently been reported in two commercially important fishery species including penaeid shrimp in the South Atlantic Bight USA (Western North Atlantic) and the Gulf of Mexico, and in pandalid shrimp in the Gulf of Maine, USA. Here we review the reports of the occurrence, causative agents, biology, ecology, and impacts of black gill on wild crustacean species of black gill with special focus on the pandalid shrimp species Pandalus borealis parasitized by the apostome ciliate Synophrya sp. and penaeid shrimp in the Western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico parasitized by a newly described apostome ciliate species Hyalophysa lynni. A review of the literature reveals large knowledge gaps with respect to black gill in both commercially exploited and other keystone crustacean species. Recommendations for future research include improved surveillance and identification of causative agents of black gill, improved understanding of their interactions with crustacean hosts including distribution, transmission, morbidity, and mortality, epidemiology, molecular biology, and relationship with climate.
海洋十足类甲壳动物中的黑鳃:综述
摘要甲壳类动物的鳃严重黑化,通常被称为黑鳃,在野生和养殖的海洋物种中都有报道。组织黑化通常是甲壳类动物先天免疫系统对刺激物或病原体的存在作出反应的结果。虽然黑鳃可能是由各种非生物应激源和营养缺乏引起的,但生物制剂是大多数报道的甲壳类动物黑鳃病例的原因。在高密度培养系统中,真菌被认为是黑鳃爆发的最常见原因。在野外,黑鳃的疫情规模似乎主要是由纤毛虫而非真菌感染引起的。最近,在美国南大西洋湾(北大西洋西部)和墨西哥湾的对虾和美国缅因湾的pandalid虾等两个具有商业重要性的渔业物种中,都报道了由纤毛虫引起的黑鳃流行病,以及黑鳃对野生甲壳类动物物种的影响黑鳃,特别关注寄生于叛体纤毛虫Synophyya sp.的Pandalus norealis虾和寄生于北大西洋西部和墨西哥湾的penaeid虾。对文献的回顾揭示了商业开发和其他关键甲壳类动物物种在黑鳃方面的巨大知识差距。对未来研究的建议包括改进对黑鳃病原体的监测和识别,更好地了解它们与甲壳类动物宿主的相互作用,包括分布、传播、发病率和死亡率、流行病学、分子生物学以及与气候的关系。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
25.20
自引率
0.90%
发文量
19
期刊介绍: Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture provides an important forum for the publication of up-to-date reviews covering a broad range of subject areas including management, aquaculture, taxonomy, behavior, stock identification, genetics, nutrition, and physiology. Issues concerning finfish and aquatic invertebrates prized for their economic or recreational importance, their value as indicators of environmental health, or their natural beauty are addressed. An important resource that keeps you apprised of the latest changes in the field, each issue of Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture presents useful information to fisheries and aquaculture scientists in academia, state and federal natural resources agencies, and the private sector.
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