Raman-XPS spectroscopy, REE chemistry, and surface morphology of Fe-Ti oxide heavy mineral sands: a case study from Varkala-Kovalam coast, south-west India

Pub Date : 2021-04-09 DOI:10.1080/25726838.2021.1911584

R. Rejith, M. Sundararajan, A. P. Peer Mohamed, M. Satyanarayanan

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引用次数: 6

Abstract

ABSTRACT The beach sands of the Varkala-Kovalam coast, south-west India, are enriched with heavy minerals with a high concentration of ilmenite followed by sillimanite, monazite, rutile, zircon, and garnet. The Fe–Ti oxide minerals such as ilmenite, its altered product leucoxene, and rutile were successfully recovered, and their structure, chemistry, and surface morphology were analysed using advanced characterisation techniques like Raman spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF), High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), UV-Visible-NIR (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS). The chemical composition, surface chemistry, the oxidation state of surface elements, anisotropic crystal behaviour of the minerals due to physical or chemical processes, discrimination of polymorphs, and finally the morphological changes due to mechanical impacts were also analysed. The study provides solid information to the scientific community and policymakers for determining the grade and potential applications of these strategic minerals.

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Raman-XPS光谱、REE化学和Fe-Ti氧化物重矿砂表面形貌:以印度西南部Varkala-Kovalam海岸为例

印度西南部瓦尔卡拉-科瓦拉姆海岸的沙滩富含重矿物，其中钛铁矿含量高，其次是硅线石、独居石、金红石、锆石和石榴石。铁钛氧化物矿物，如钛铁矿及其变质产物亮色烯和金红石，成功回收，并使用先进的表征技术，如拉曼光谱，能量色散x射线荧光(ED-XRF)，高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱(hricp - ms)，热重分析(TGA)，紫外-可见-近红外(UV-Vis-NIR)光谱，x射线光电子能谱(XPS)，扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)。分析了矿物的化学组成、表面化学、表面元素的氧化态、由于物理或化学过程引起的各向异性晶体行为、多晶型的区分以及由于机械影响引起的形态变化。该研究为科学界和决策者确定这些战略矿物的品位和潜在应用提供了可靠的信息。

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