Exploring the microbial dynamics for heavy metals bioremediation in the industrial wastewater treatment: A critical review

Abstract

The purpose of this review article was to provide a concise overview of the current researches on the topic of in-situ microbial remediation of heavy metals (HM) in the industrial wastewater. Due to the ever-expanding industrial sector; groundwater contamination by HM is a global environmental crisis. Heavy metals; environmental pollution, and the adaptive mechanisms that allow the bacteria to thrive in the metal-contaminated environments, have all been linked to the dramatic shifts in the microbial diversity, which are observed during the microbial restoration. It has been suggested that in situ bioremediation (ISB) can help with the emerging contamination problems; as the bacteria can be used to clean up the polluted areas. In the future, the researchers should pay more attention to the assessment methodologies for determining the success of remediation using ISB technology. Bio-remediation is only effective if the polluted area is properly characterized; the appropriate microbial species is chosen, and the harmful metals are easily accessible for absorption. This new technology uses bacteria to remove the harmful metals from the environment at a low cost. This study analyzes the effectiveness of bioremediation using microorganisms; using unique methodologies and integrated assessment methods. In addition to providing an overview of ISB for pollutant(s) elimination; this review is useful for comprehending the primary functions of microorganisms in this process.