Multiplication, addition, and subtraction in numerals: formal variation in Latin’s decads+ from an Indo-European perspective

IF 0.2 0 CLASSICS
Brigitte L. M. Bauer
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Abstract

Abstract While formal variation in Latin’s numerals is generally acknowledged, little is known about (relative) incidence, distribution, context, or linguistic productivity. Addressing this lacuna, this article examines “decads+” in Latin, which convey the numbers between the full decads: the teens (‘eleven’ through ‘nineteen’) as well as the numerals between the higher decads starting at ‘twenty-one’ through ‘ninety-nine’. Latin’s decads+ are compounds and prone to variation. The data, which are drawn from a variety of sources, reveal (a) substantial formal variation in Latin, both internally and typologically; (b) co-existence of several types of formation; (c) productivity of potential borrowings; (d) resilience of early formations; (e) patterns in structure and incidence that anticipate the Romance numerals; and (f) historical trends. From a typological and general linguistic perspective as well, Latin’s decads+ are most relevant because their formal variation involves sequence, connector, and arithmetical operations and because their historical depth shows a gradual shift away from widespread formal variation, eventually resulting in the relatively rigid system found in Romance. Moreover, the combined system attested in decads+ in Latin – based on a combination of inherited, innovative and borrowed patterns and reflecting different stages of development – presents a number of typological inconsistencies that require further assessment.
数字中的乘法、加法和减法:从印欧语的角度看拉丁文的decads+的正式变体
摘要虽然拉丁数字的形式变异是公认的,但对(相对)发生率、分布、上下文或语言生产力知之甚少。针对这一缺陷,本文研究了拉丁语中的“decdas+”,它传达了完整的decdas之间的数字:青少年(“leven”到“19th”),以及从“21th”到“99th”的较高decdas间的数字。拉丁语的decas+是复合词,容易发生变化。这些数据来自各种来源,揭示了(a)拉丁语在内部和类型上的实质性形式变化;(b) 几种地层类型的共存;(c) 潜在借款的生产率;(d) 早期地层的弹性;(e) 预测罗马数字的结构和发生率模式;以及(f)历史趋势。从类型学和一般语言学的角度来看,拉丁语的decas+最具相关性,因为它们的形式变体涉及序列、连接符和算术运算,而且它们的历史深度显示出逐渐远离广泛的形式变体,最终形成了《罗曼史》中相对僵化的体系。此外,拉丁语几十年来证明的组合体系——基于继承、创新和借鉴模式的组合,反映了不同的发展阶段——存在许多类型上的不一致,需要进一步评估。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.80
自引率
50.00%
发文量
5
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