Determining kinship pattern of robusta and arabica coffee clones using multivariate analysis

Abstract

Identification of kinship in various coffees in the Indonesian Industrial & Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI) is essential for the coffee breeding process in the future. The kinship analysis can be done by using multivariate analysis. This study aimed to identify the kinship pattern and specific morphological characteristics of the coffee clone collections by using multivariate analysis. The experiment was carried out through the observational method corrected with analysis of covariance. The plant materials used were five genotypes of robusta coffee ( Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) and three arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) genotypes. Robusta genotypes studied were BP 308, BP 436, BP 42, SA 237, and SA 203; and arabica genotypes were S 795, Kartika 1, and Kartika 2. The study used an IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) list descriptor modified for coffee plants characterization. The morphological characters consisted of 46 characters. The results showed that coffee clones in the IIBCRI had relatively high diversity in clone grouping, both between types and between clones within the species. The grouping results showed that subgroup 1 of the robusta coffee consisted of BP 308, SA237, and SA203 coffee clones. Conversely, subgroups 2 of the robusta coffee consisted of BP 436 and BP 42. As for arabica coffee, subgroup 1 consisted of Kartika 1 and Kartika 2 clones, while the S795 clone has grouped solely in subgroup 2. Based on this study, the IIBCRI was also considered suitable for selecting and identifying morphological lines of coffee, particularly robusta coffee. stipule shape, firmness of leaf surface waves, and firmness of leaf edge waves; inflorescence and flower description covered (15): inflorescence position, inflorescence on old wood, anther insertion, flower tip shape, flower base shape, number of flowers per axil, number of fascicles per axil, number of flowers per fascicle, corolla tub length, number of stamens, corolla length, corolla width, anther length, stigma length, and pistil length; fruit description covered (7): fruit color, fruit shape, fruit-disc shape, endocarp texture, fruit length, fruit width, and pulp thickness; and seed description covered (7): husk seed length, bean length, husk seed width, bean width, husk seed thickness, bean thickness, and husk seed shape. The observation used the common observation tools, like meter tool, ruler, vernier calipers, pen, and digital scales to identify the quantitative characters. Besides that, the additional tool used in this study was the color chart from the Royal Horticultural Society (London, UK) to observe color morphology characters.