Development of the Optimal Shape and Reinforcement Structure of the Specimen for Adequate Determination of the Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Composites

Abstract

Unidirectional composites exhibit the highest strength when stretched along the fibers. However, the proper determination of the strength faces great methodological difficulties. The main problems of tensile testing of polymer composites consisted in development of the specimen shape and the method of specimen fixation which ensure the minimum impact of the stress concentration near the grips on the strength measurements. A conventional shape of the specimen with fillets is unsuitable for unidirectional polymers owing to the splitting occurring in the fillet zones upon loading. Therefore, the specimens are usually standardized in the form of rectangular strips fixed using tabs or special grips which provide constant transverse forces. However, with such a specimen shape, a significant stress concentration inevitably occurs at the edge of grips, and the lower the ratio of the interlayer shear modulus to the longitudinal Young’s modulus, the greater the stress concentration impact. For the purpose of the most correct determination of the strength, we propose to use specimens with smoothly varying dimensions at the same cross-sectional area which ensures keeping the total number of unbroken fibers in each section. The specimen thickness decreases when moving from the working part of the specimen to the gripping part, whereas the width (while maintaining the section area) grows to prevent the collapse of the specimen resulting from transverse forces in standard self-tightening grips. Analytical and FEM modeling is performed to select a rational contour shape. Technological equipment has been developed, and a procedure of manufacturing testing specimens has been worked out. The tensile test of specially manufactured curvilinear reinforced specimens showed higher strength values compared to standard rectangular strips or specimens with semicircular fillets.