Secular authoritarian regimes and their Islamist rivals in the Middle East and North Africa: Emerging trends in Turkey's party system

IF 16.4 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Miaad Hassan
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Abstract

Secular nationalism grew over 50 years to become a compelling force for political, social, and cultural change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), but it was Islamism that rose to be its chief rival and, in many Middle East countries, eventually replaced it. The question is: why? And how did Islam gain political momentum? Since independence, the diktat of most single-party countries in MENA has been to implement modernization and secularization. Unlike the secular elites, which sought to overthrow colonialism and the monarchies, the early Islamic reformers sought to establish an Islamic state. MENA's secular regimes led to the massive institutionalization of national identity by nationalizing economies and education, to create a unified ideology from which people could draw a common identity. While eliminating competing ideologies, governments ignored the conservative right in the form of Islamism, which was not expected to pose a serious challenge to them. However, since MENA regimes were mostly authoritarian and forestalled a viable opposition, a social cleavage from below grew as an Islamic movement and eventually presented a serious challenge to them. This article provides an empirical analysis to support the argument that social cleavages in MENA have cultural implications that relate to identity rather than to territory. Hence, latent political cleavages, such as Islamism and ethnic nationalism, served as opportunities to reinforce or reactivate cleavages.
中东和北非的世俗独裁政权及其伊斯兰对手:土耳其政党制度的新趋势
世俗民族主义发展了50多年,成为中东和北非(MENA)政治、社会和文化变革的强大力量,但伊斯兰主义成为其主要竞争对手,并在许多中东国家最终取代了它。问题是:为什么?伊斯兰教是如何获得政治动力的?自独立以来,中东和北非地区大多数一党制国家的政令一直是实现现代化和世俗化。与试图推翻殖民主义和君主制的世俗精英不同,早期的伊斯兰改革者试图建立一个伊斯兰国家。中东和北非的世俗政权通过将经济和教育国有化,导致了国家认同的大规模制度化,创造了一种统一的意识形态,人们可以从中获得共同的认同。在消除相互竞争的意识形态的同时,政府忽视了以伊斯兰主义为形式的保守右翼,人们认为伊斯兰主义不会对政府构成严重挑战。然而,由于中东和北非地区的政权大多是专制的,并预先阻止了一个可行的反对派,自下而上的社会分裂随着伊斯兰运动的发展而增长,并最终对他们构成了严重的挑战。本文提供了一个实证分析,以支持中东和北非地区的社会分裂具有与身份有关的文化含义,而不是与领土有关的论点。因此,潜在的政治分裂,如伊斯兰主义和种族民族主义,成为加强或重新激活分裂的机会。
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来源期刊
Accounts of Chemical Research
Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
31.40
自引率
1.10%
发文量
312
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.
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