Does the Absence of Men from the Household Increase Girls’ Shares in Education Expenditures? Evidence from Rural Pakistan

IF 3.3 2区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS
Sundus Saleemi
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Abstract

This article investigates the impact of men’s migration on expenditure by left-behind households on children’s education, focusing on the gendered distribution of this expenditure. Using longitudinal survey data of rural households in Pakistan, the effect of men’s migration on the share of households’ education expenditure spent on girls is estimated using the fixed-effects model (FEM). Results suggest that in households from which men migrate for periods longer than six months, the share of education expenditures spent on girls is up to 31 percent higher than that of the average household in the sample. There is no evidence of a significant impact on households’ total education expenditure due to this migration. Overall, in households where men are absent, the distribution of education expenditure tilts in favor of girls. A possible mechanism behind the increase in girls’ shares is the greater participation of women in household decisions in the absence of men. HIGHLIGHTS In Pakistan, rural households from which men have migrated have higher expenditure on girls’ schooling. Men’s outmigration plausibly expands women’s participation in household decisions. Women’s role in expenditure decisions may improve and increase investments in girls’ education. Higher participation of women in household decisions potentially reduces gender inequality.
男人不在家会增加女孩在教育支出中的份额吗?来自巴基斯坦农村的证据
本文调查了男性移民对留守家庭儿童教育支出的影响,重点研究了这一支出的性别分布。利用巴基斯坦农村家庭的纵向调查数据,使用固定效应模型估计了男性移民对家庭用于女孩的教育支出份额的影响。结果表明,在男性移民时间超过六个月的家庭中,用于女孩的教育支出份额比样本中的平均家庭高出31%。没有证据表明这种迁移会对家庭的教育总支出产生重大影响。总体而言,在没有男性的家庭中,教育支出的分配向女孩倾斜。女孩份额增加背后的一个可能机制是,在没有男性的情况下,妇女更多地参与家庭决策。亮点在巴基斯坦,男性移民的农村家庭在女孩上学方面的支出更高。男性的迁出似乎扩大了女性对家庭决策的参与。妇女在支出决策中的作用可以改善和增加对女童教育的投资。妇女更多地参与家庭决策可能会减少性别不平等。
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来源期刊
Feminist Economics
Feminist Economics Multiple-
CiteScore
7.50
自引率
4.30%
发文量
37
期刊介绍: Feminist Economics is a peer-reviewed journal that provides an open forum for dialogue and debate about feminist economic perspectives. By opening new areas of economic inquiry, welcoming diverse voices, and encouraging critical exchanges, the journal enlarges and enriches economic discourse. The goal of Feminist Economics is not just to develop more illuminating theories but to improve the conditions of living for all children, women, and men. Feminist Economics: -Advances feminist inquiry into economic issues affecting the lives of children, women, and men -Examines the relationship between gender and power in the economy and the construction and legitimization of economic knowledge -Extends feminist theoretical, historical, and methodological contributions to economics and the economy -Offers feminist insights into the underlying constructs of the economics discipline and into the historical, political, and cultural context of economic knowledge -Provides a feminist rethinking of theory and policy in diverse fields, including those not directly related to gender -Stimulates discussions among diverse scholars worldwide and from a broad spectrum of intellectual traditions, welcoming cross-disciplinary and cross-country perspectives, especially from countries in the South
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