{"title":"Karst spring microbial mat microeukaryotic diversity differs across an oxygen-sulphide ecocline and reveals potential for novel taxa discovery","authors":"J. Mulec, A. Engel","doi":"10.3986/AC.V48I1.4949","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Strong geochemical gradients of dissolved oxygen and sulphide establish habitats where specialized bacterial and archaeal taxonomic groups occupy specific redox-sensitive niches, primarily based on metabolic and ecological requirements. In contrast, knowledge of microeukaryote diversity and their ecology in redox-stratified habitats is poor, as species-specific occupation of such geochemical gradients has not been well established. Here we assessed total microbial diversity from rRNA genes retrieved from two morphologically distinct microbial mats formed along an oxygen-sulphide gradient in the outflow channel from the Žveplenica sulphidic karst spring, Slovenia. Microbial mats contained diverse bacteria and archaea associated with chemolithoautotrophic and primary productivity, and overall microeukaryotic diversity was higher under oxygenated conditions. The oxygenated mats were comprised of undescribed and undifferentiated fungi, Annelida, Nematoda, Apicomplexa, and Gastrotricha, some being represented by novel lineages. Under anoxic conditions, diversity was dominated by Ciliophora, Nematoda, and Fungi-Ascomycota, also affiliated with novel lineages. Colonization of the distinct mat types related to ecological tolerance of specific geochemical conditions, and the associations between bacterial and archaeal diversity with distinct microeukaryotes may be related to grazing options and food web structure within the karst system. Key words: karst, spring, sulphide, geochemical gradient, diversity, microeukaryotes. Pestra mikrobna diverziteta vzdolž ekokline kisik-sulfid kraskega izvira odkriva potencial za okritje novih taksonov Izraziti geokemijski gradienti raztopljenega kisika in sulfida so osnova za habitate, kjer v odvisnosti od redoks potenciala, predvsem pa glede na metabolne in ekoloske zahteve, specializirane bakterijske in arhejske taksonomske skupine zasedajo obcutljive ekoloske nise. Nasprotno pa je poznavanje diverzitete mikroevkariontov in njihove ekologije v habitatih, stratificiranih glede na redoks potencial, pomanjkljivo, saj vrstno specificne kolonizacije taksnih gradientnih okolij se nismo dobro proucili. Celotno mikrobno diverziteto smo ovrednotili na podlagi zaporedij rRNA genov, ki so bila pridobljena iz dveh morfolosko razlicnih mikrobnih biofilmov, ki nastajata vzdolž gradienta kisik-sulfid v žveplenem kraskem izviru Žveplenica, Slovenija. Mikrobni biofilmi so vsebovali pestro združbo bakterij in arhej, ki jim pripisujemo kemolitoavtotrofen metabolizem s primarno produkcijo, celotna mikroevkariontska diverziteta pa je bila v oksigeniranih okoljskih razmerah visja. Oksigeniran biofilm so vecinoma sestavljale se neopisane in nepoznane glive ter predstavniki skupin Annelida, Nematoda, Apicomplexa in Gastrotricha; nekatere izmed njih pripadajo celo novim linijam. V anoksicnih razmerah so prevladovali predstavniki skupin Ciliophora, Nematoda in Glive-Ascomycota, ki tudi pripadajo novim genetskim linijam. Kolonizacija razlicnih tipov biofilmov glede na ekolosko toleranco specificnih geokemijskih razmer ter povezava med bakterijsko in arhejsko diverziteto z znacilnimi mikroevkariontskimi predstavniki sta lahko povezana z razlicnimi možnostmi prehranjevanja in s strukturo prehranjevalne verige v kraskem sistemu. Kljucne besede: kras, izvir, sulfid, geokemijski gradient, diverziteta, mikroevkarionti.","PeriodicalId":50905,"journal":{"name":"Acta Carsologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0000,"publicationDate":"2019-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"7","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Acta Carsologica","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3986/AC.V48I1.4949","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Abstract
Strong geochemical gradients of dissolved oxygen and sulphide establish habitats where specialized bacterial and archaeal taxonomic groups occupy specific redox-sensitive niches, primarily based on metabolic and ecological requirements. In contrast, knowledge of microeukaryote diversity and their ecology in redox-stratified habitats is poor, as species-specific occupation of such geochemical gradients has not been well established. Here we assessed total microbial diversity from rRNA genes retrieved from two morphologically distinct microbial mats formed along an oxygen-sulphide gradient in the outflow channel from the Žveplenica sulphidic karst spring, Slovenia. Microbial mats contained diverse bacteria and archaea associated with chemolithoautotrophic and primary productivity, and overall microeukaryotic diversity was higher under oxygenated conditions. The oxygenated mats were comprised of undescribed and undifferentiated fungi, Annelida, Nematoda, Apicomplexa, and Gastrotricha, some being represented by novel lineages. Under anoxic conditions, diversity was dominated by Ciliophora, Nematoda, and Fungi-Ascomycota, also affiliated with novel lineages. Colonization of the distinct mat types related to ecological tolerance of specific geochemical conditions, and the associations between bacterial and archaeal diversity with distinct microeukaryotes may be related to grazing options and food web structure within the karst system. Key words: karst, spring, sulphide, geochemical gradient, diversity, microeukaryotes. Pestra mikrobna diverziteta vzdolž ekokline kisik-sulfid kraskega izvira odkriva potencial za okritje novih taksonov Izraziti geokemijski gradienti raztopljenega kisika in sulfida so osnova za habitate, kjer v odvisnosti od redoks potenciala, predvsem pa glede na metabolne in ekoloske zahteve, specializirane bakterijske in arhejske taksonomske skupine zasedajo obcutljive ekoloske nise. Nasprotno pa je poznavanje diverzitete mikroevkariontov in njihove ekologije v habitatih, stratificiranih glede na redoks potencial, pomanjkljivo, saj vrstno specificne kolonizacije taksnih gradientnih okolij se nismo dobro proucili. Celotno mikrobno diverziteto smo ovrednotili na podlagi zaporedij rRNA genov, ki so bila pridobljena iz dveh morfolosko razlicnih mikrobnih biofilmov, ki nastajata vzdolž gradienta kisik-sulfid v žveplenem kraskem izviru Žveplenica, Slovenija. Mikrobni biofilmi so vsebovali pestro združbo bakterij in arhej, ki jim pripisujemo kemolitoavtotrofen metabolizem s primarno produkcijo, celotna mikroevkariontska diverziteta pa je bila v oksigeniranih okoljskih razmerah visja. Oksigeniran biofilm so vecinoma sestavljale se neopisane in nepoznane glive ter predstavniki skupin Annelida, Nematoda, Apicomplexa in Gastrotricha; nekatere izmed njih pripadajo celo novim linijam. V anoksicnih razmerah so prevladovali predstavniki skupin Ciliophora, Nematoda in Glive-Ascomycota, ki tudi pripadajo novim genetskim linijam. Kolonizacija razlicnih tipov biofilmov glede na ekolosko toleranco specificnih geokemijskih razmer ter povezava med bakterijsko in arhejsko diverziteto z znacilnimi mikroevkariontskimi predstavniki sta lahko povezana z razlicnimi možnostmi prehranjevanja in s strukturo prehranjevalne verige v kraskem sistemu. Kljucne besede: kras, izvir, sulfid, geokemijski gradient, diverziteta, mikroevkarionti.
溶解氧和硫化物的强地球化学梯度建立了栖息地,专门的细菌和古细菌分类群占据了特定的氧化还原敏感生态位,主要基于代谢和生态需求。相比之下,对氧化还原层状生境中微真核生物多样性及其生态学的了解很少,因为这种地球化学梯度的物种特异性占领尚未得到很好的确定。在这里,我们评估了从两个形态不同的微生物席中提取的rRNA基因的总微生物多样性,这些微生物席形成于斯洛文尼亚Žveplenica硫化物喀斯特泉流出通道中的氧硫化物梯度。微生物席中含有多种与化能自养和初级生产力相关的细菌和古细菌,氧化条件下微真核生物多样性总体较高。含氧垫由未描述和未分化的真菌组成,包括节虫、线虫、顶复合体和胃曲虫,其中一些以新谱系为代表。在缺氧条件下,多样性以纤毛菌门、线虫门和真菌子囊菌门为主,也属于新谱系。不同类型垫的定植与特定地球化学条件下的生态耐受性有关,细菌和古细菌多样性与不同微真核生物之间的关联可能与喀斯特系统内的放牧选择和食物网结构有关。关键词:喀斯特,泉水,硫化物,地球化学梯度,多样性,微真核生物Pestra mikrobna diverziteta vzdolev ekokline kisik-sulfid kraskega izvira odkriva potential、kskovita noviva taksonov Izraziti geokemijski、kskovita noviva geokemijski、kskovita noviva geokemijski、kskovita noviva、kskovita noviva、kskovita noviva、kskovita noviva、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita、kskovita等。在不同的生境,不同的地层,不同的地理位置,不同的地理位置,不同的地理位置,不同的地理位置,不同的地理位置,不同的地理位置,不同的地理位置,不同的地理位置。研究结果表明:1 .微生物多样性与生物多样性的关系,1 .微生物多样性与生物多样性的关系,2 .微生物多样性与生物多样性的关系,1 .微生物多样性与生物多样性的关系。Mikrobni biofilmi so vsebovali pestro združbo bakterij in arhej, ki pripisujemo kemolitotototrofen metabolizem主要产物,celotna mikroevkariontska diverziteta pa je bila v oklsigeniranih okoljskih razmerah visja。在胃目动物、线虫目、顶复体目中,由neopisane引起的肿瘤生物膜的研究表明,neopisane在胃目动物中具有广泛的应用。Nekatere表示:“我认为这是一个非常重要的问题。”【关键词】线虫;纤毛虫;线虫;子囊菌;Kolonizacija razlicnih tipov biofilmov glede na ekolosko耐受性,特定的nih geokemijskih razmer, povezana med bakterijsko在arksko diverzi znacilnii preprestavniki sta lahko povezana z razlicnimi možnostmi preranjevanja in s strukturo preranjevanj verige v kraskem sistemu。kljune: kras, izvir, sulfid, geokemijski gradient, diverziteta, mikroevkarionti。
期刊介绍:
Karst areas occupy 10-20 % of ice-free land. Dissolution of rock by natural waters has given rise to specific landscape and underground. Karst surface features and caves have attracted man''s curiosity since the dawn of humanity and have been a focus to scientific studies since more than half of millennia.
Acta Carsologica publishes original research papers and reviews, letters, essays and reports covering topics related to specific of karst areas. These comprise, but are not limited to karst geology, hydrology, and geomorphology, speleology, hydrogeology, biospeleology and history of karst science.