Dielectrophoresis spectroscopy for nucleotide identification in DNA

Abstract

DNA sequence with a known physical position on a chromosome is called a genetic marker, so the causal gene may identify with genetic markers in different kinds of hereditary diseases. DNA segments near one another on a chromosome often inherit the other concurrently; as a result, the inheritance of a neighboring gene that has not yet been discovered but whose general position is tracked by using genetic markers. So, Genetic markers can play a significant role in biological research because they can contribute to identifying many diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP (pronounced “snip”), is the variation of a single nucleotide in a DNA due to genetic disorders. For example, in a specific region of DNA, an SNP may displace the nucleotide cytosine (C) with the nucleotide thymine (T). SNPs, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, are one of the most common genetic variations that assist in detecting many human diseases such as Migraine, Cancer, Schizophrenia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Alzheimer's Disease, etc. Hyperchromicity, Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Program (SOAP), quantitative PCR techniques, Fluorescence Polarization Melting Curve Analysis, SNP Microarrays, Intercalating Dyes, and many other techniques are commonly used to identify SNPs nowadays. However, those methods are not much reliable, a bit costly, time-consuming, and difficult to use, whereas dielectrophoresis can be an excellent way to detect SNP easily. A non-uniform electric field generated by electrodes interacts with polarizable suspended particles to regulate and alter particle movement; this process is known as dielectrophoresis (DEP). Cell transfer, in vitro fertilization, and biological testing are a few uses for dielectrophoresis, particularly in the biomedical industry. Cell fusion using dielectrophoresis has also improved crossbreeding, cancer treatment, and scientific research. Most notably, dielectrophoresis is used to classify changes in the electrical characteristics of cells. In this phenomenon, when a dielectric particle is exposed to a non-uniform electric field, a force is produced on it, and this DEP force may be utilized to recognize the variations in a single location in a DNA sequence. DEP is less time-consuming, cheap, and reliable than other processes to detect SNPs easily.