{"title":"Neocortical layer 5 subclasses: From cellular properties to roles in behavior.","authors":"Sara Moberg, Naoya Takahashi","doi":"10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1006773","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Layer 5 (L5) serves as the main output layer of cortical structures, where long-range projecting pyramidal neurons broadcast the columnar output to other cortical and extracortical regions of the brain. L5 pyramidal neurons are grouped into two subclasses based on their projection targets; while intratelencephalic (IT) neurons project to cortical areas and the striatum, extratelencephalic (ET) neurons project to subcortical areas such as the thalamus, midbrain, and brainstem. Each L5 subclass possesses distinct morphological and electrophysiological properties and is incorporated into a unique synaptic network. Thanks to recent advances in genetic tools and methodologies, it has now become possible to distinguish between the two subclasses in the living brain. There is increasing evidence indicating that each subclass plays a unique role in sensory processing, decision-making, and learning. This review first summarizes the anatomical and physiological properties as well as the neuromodulation of IT and ET neurons in the rodent neocortex, and then reviews recent literature on their roles in sensory processing and rodent behavior. Our ultimate goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of each subclass in cortical function by examining their operational regimes based on their cellular properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":12650,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9650089/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1006773","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2022/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"NEUROSCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Layer 5 (L5) serves as the main output layer of cortical structures, where long-range projecting pyramidal neurons broadcast the columnar output to other cortical and extracortical regions of the brain. L5 pyramidal neurons are grouped into two subclasses based on their projection targets; while intratelencephalic (IT) neurons project to cortical areas and the striatum, extratelencephalic (ET) neurons project to subcortical areas such as the thalamus, midbrain, and brainstem. Each L5 subclass possesses distinct morphological and electrophysiological properties and is incorporated into a unique synaptic network. Thanks to recent advances in genetic tools and methodologies, it has now become possible to distinguish between the two subclasses in the living brain. There is increasing evidence indicating that each subclass plays a unique role in sensory processing, decision-making, and learning. This review first summarizes the anatomical and physiological properties as well as the neuromodulation of IT and ET neurons in the rodent neocortex, and then reviews recent literature on their roles in sensory processing and rodent behavior. Our ultimate goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of each subclass in cortical function by examining their operational regimes based on their cellular properties.
第 5 层(L5)是大脑皮层结构的主要输出层,长程投射锥体神经元在这里将柱状输出广播到大脑的其他皮层和皮层外区域。L5 锥体神经元根据其投射目标分为两个亚类:脑内(IT)神经元投射到皮层区域和纹状体,脑外(ET)神经元则投射到丘脑、中脑和脑干等皮层下区域。每个 L5 亚类都具有不同的形态学和电生理学特性,并被纳入一个独特的突触网络。由于基因工具和方法的最新进展,现在已经可以在活体大脑中区分这两个亚类。越来越多的证据表明,每个亚类在感觉处理、决策和学习中都扮演着独特的角色。本综述首先概述了啮齿动物新皮层中 IT 和 ET 神经元的解剖和生理特性以及神经调节,然后回顾了有关它们在感觉处理和啮齿动物行为中作用的最新文献。我们的最终目标是根据细胞特性研究每种亚类神经元的运行机制,从而全面了解它们在大脑皮层功能中的作用。