Changes in pharmaceutical market and "fake drug" problem in the Qing period.

IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES
Jihee Choi
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Abstract

Since ancient times, fake drugs have been on the market in Chinese society. However, during the Ming-Qing Dynasty, this problem intensified as the size of the pharmaceutical market grew, the collection and distribution structure of pharmaceutical products became increasingly complex, and the phenomenon of separation between the prescription and distribution of drugs advanced. Additionally, the government did not manage the manufacturing or quality of drugs and there was no law or institution designed to solve the problem of fake drugs. Furthermore, social opinion also criticized the widespread problem of fake drugs, and patients and doctors had to rely on various pharmacognostic books and medical knowledge to find reliable drugs in the drug market. Meanwhile, as merchants participated and invested commercial capital in the pharmaceutical industry, large reputable pharmacies began to emerge in large cities and produced drugs. With the commercialization of the pharmaceutical market, the public gained interest in drugs and consumed drugs produced by these pharmacies. Moreover, there were frequent problems in the market as fake drugs imitating popular drugs were distributed and the names of famous pharmacies were stolen. Although fake drugs were a universal social problem, the Qing government was reluctant to strictly control them tried to solve this issue by enforcing banning and punishment through local governments. Prominent pharmacies filed several lawsuits against the government over the theft of fake drugs and drug names. They also advertised the legitimacy and authenticity of drugstore to the public and customers. Doctors and merchants responded to the problem of fake drugs by following occupational morality, developing drug discrimination, cracking down on organizational discipline, filing complaints with government offices, and advertising their authenticity. However, the fake medicines did not easily disappear despite such a response, as there was no state control or legislation. Evidently, the pharmaceutical market was already highly commercialized and its structure were complex. Moreover, the financial benefits of fake drugs, competition in the pharmaceutical market, and public demand for drugs with similar effects at low prices also affected the popularity of fake drugs. Hence, the distribution of fake medicine in the Qing society can be seen as a phenomenon of separation between the prescription and distribution of drugs, commercialization and consumption of drugs, and competition on the medical market.

清代医药市场变迁与“假药”问题。
自古以来,中国社会就有假药上市。然而,在明清时期,随着药品市场规模的扩大,药品的收集和分销结构变得越来越复杂,以及药品处方和分销分离现象的加剧,这一问题加剧了。此外,政府没有管理药品的生产或质量,也没有旨在解决假药问题的法律或机构。此外,社会舆论还批评假药问题普遍存在,患者和医生不得不依靠各种生药学书籍和医学知识在药品市场上寻找可靠的药物。与此同时,随着商人参与并向制药行业投资商业资本,大城市中开始出现信誉良好的大型药店并生产药品。随着药品市场的商业化,公众对药品产生了兴趣,并消费了这些药店生产的药品。此外,市场上经常出现模仿流行药物的假药被分销和著名药店的名字被盗用的问题。尽管假药是一个普遍存在的社会问题,但清政府并不愿意严格控制假药,试图通过地方政府的取缔和惩罚来解决这个问题。知名药店就假冒药品和药品名称的盗窃对政府提起了几起诉讼。他们还向公众和顾客宣传药店的合法性和真实性。医生和商人通过遵循职业道德、发展药物歧视、打击组织纪律、向政府部门投诉以及宣传假药的真实性来应对假药问题。然而,尽管有这样的回应,假药并没有轻易消失,因为没有国家控制或立法。显然,药品市场已经高度商业化,其结构也很复杂。此外,假药的经济利益、药品市场的竞争以及公众对具有类似效果的低价药物的需求也影响了假药的流行。因此,清代社会假药分销可以看作是一种药品处方与分销分离、药品商业化与消费分离以及医疗市场竞争的现象。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.20
自引率
0.00%
发文量
11
审稿时长
8 weeks
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