Novel Algorithm for the Management of Hematospermia.

Abstract

Hematospermia or hemospermia is traditionally defined as the presence of fresh or altered blood in semen. Several factors might cause hematospermia, including infectious, inflammatory, iatrogenic, traumatic, structural, neoplastic, vascular, and systemic factors. The main aim of evaluation is to identify significant or treatable underlying causes of hematospermia and to re-assure the patient if no causative factor is detected after full evaluation. This review aims novel management of hematospermia, including a detailed history, physical examination, appropriate laboratory investigations, and diagnostic imaging, based on underlying causes of hematospermia.