Predatory zooplankton on the move: Themisto amphipods in high-latitude marine pelagic food webs.

3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Advances in Marine Biology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-04-24 DOI:10.1016/bs.amb.2019.02.002
Charlotte Havermans, Holger Auel, Wilhelm Hagen, Christoph Held, Natalie S Ensor, Geraint A Tarling
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引用次数: 18

Abstract

Hyperiid amphipods are predatory pelagic crustaceans that are particularly prevalent in high-latitude oceans. Many species are likely to have co-evolved with soft-bodied zooplankton groups such as salps and medusae, using them as substrate, for food, shelter or reproduction. Compared to other pelagic groups, such as fish, euphausiids and soft-bodied zooplankton, hyperiid amphipods are poorly studied especially in terms of their distribution and ecology. Hyperiids of the genus Themisto, comprising seven distinct species, are key players in temperate and cold-water pelagic ecosystems where they reach enormous levels of biomass. In these areas, they are important components of marine food webs, and they are major prey for many commercially important fish and squid stocks. In northern parts of the Southern Ocean, Themisto are so prevalent that they are considered to take on the role that Antarctic krill play further south. Nevertheless, although they are around the same size as krill, and may also occur in swarms, their feeding behaviour and mode of reproduction are completely different, hence their respective impacts on ecosystem structure differ. Themisto are major predators of meso- and macrozooplankton in several major oceanic regions covering shelves to open ocean from the polar regions to the subtropics. Based on a combination of published and unpublished occurrence data, we plot out the distributions of the seven species of Themisto. Further, we consider the different predators that rely on Themisto for a large fraction of their diet, demonstrating their major importance for higher trophic levels such as fish, seabirds and mammals. For instance, T. gaudichaudii in the Southern Ocean comprises a major part of the diets of around 80 different species of squid, fish, seabirds and marine mammals, while T. libellula in the Bering Sea and Greenland waters is a main prey item for commercially exploited fish species. We also consider the ongoing and predicted range expansions of Themisto species in light of environmental changes. In northern high latitudes, sub-Arctic Themisto species are replacing truly Arctic, ice-bound, species. In the Southern Ocean, a range expansion of T. gaudichaudii is expected as water masses warm, impacting higher trophic levels and biogeochemical cycles. We identify the many knowlegde gaps that must be filled in order to evaluate, monitor and predict the ecological shifts that will result from the changing patterns of distribution and abundance of this important pelagic group.

移动中的掠食性浮游动物:高纬度海洋中上层食物网中的片脚类动物。
混血儿片脚类动物是捕食的远洋甲壳类动物,在高纬度的海洋中特别普遍。许多物种可能与软体浮游动物群体(如海鞘和水母)共同进化,将它们作为食物、庇护所或繁殖的基质。与鱼类、假足类和软体浮游动物等其他远洋类群相比,杂交片足类在分布和生态方面的研究很少。由7个不同的物种组成的海苔属双生体是温带和冷水中上层生态系统的关键角色,它们的生物量达到了巨大的水平。在这些地区,它们是海洋食物网的重要组成部分,也是许多商业上重要的鱼类和鱿鱼的主要猎物。在南大洋的北部地区,塞米斯托是如此普遍,以至于它们被认为扮演了南极磷虾在南方扮演的角色。然而,尽管它们的体型与磷虾差不多,也可能成群出现,但它们的摄食行为和繁殖方式完全不同,因此它们各自对生态系统结构的影响也不同。海蛸是中、大型浮游动物的主要捕食者,分布在从极地到亚热带的大陆架到开阔海域的几个主要海洋区域。结合已发表和未发表的发生数据,我们绘制了7种Themisto的分布。此外,我们还考虑了不同的捕食者,它们的大部分食物都依赖于Themisto,这表明它们对鱼类、海鸟和哺乳动物等更高营养水平的动物至关重要。例如,南大洋的T. gaudichadii是大约80种不同种类的鱿鱼、鱼类、海鸟和海洋哺乳动物的主要食物,而白令海和格陵兰水域的T. libellula是商业开发鱼类的主要猎物。我们还考虑了在环境变化的背景下,Themisto物种正在进行的和预测的范围扩张。在北部高纬度地区,亚北极的地暖物种正在取代真正的北极冰界物种。在南大洋,随着水团变暖,预计gaudichaudii的活动范围将扩大,影响更高的营养水平和生物地球化学循环。我们确定了许多必须填补的知识空白,以便评估、监测和预测这一重要的远洋生物的分布格局和丰度的变化所造成的生态变化。
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来源期刊
Advances in Marine Biology
Advances in Marine Biology MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY-
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
6
审稿时长
12 months
期刊介绍: Advances in Marine Biology was first published in 1963 under the founding editorship of Sir Frederick S. Russell, FRS. Now edited by Charles Sheppard, the serial publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics which will appeal to postgraduates and researchers in marine biology, fisheries science, ecology, zoology and biological oceanography. Eclectic volumes in the series are supplemented by thematic volumes on such topics as The Biology of Calanoid Copepods.
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