Current approaches in regenerative medicine for the treatment of diabetes: introducing CRISPR/CAS9 technology and the case for non-embryonic stem cell therapy.

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys its pancreatic β cells. Since these cells are responsible for insulin production, dysfunction or destruction of these cells necessitates blood glucose control through exogenous insulin shots. Curative treatment involves pancreas transplantation, but due to the incidence of transplant rejection and complications associated with immunosuppression, alternatives are being explored. Despite facing clinical challenges and issues with public perception, the field of regenerative stem cell therapy shows great promise for the treatment of diabetes. The idea of harnessing pluripotency to derive cells and tissues with characteristics of choice is astounding but feasible, and this review seeks to determine which method of stem cell derivation is preferable for diabetes treatment. In this report, we outline the methods for deriving human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult stem cells or progenitor cells to generate functional islet cells and related tissues. We discuss the specific uses and advantages of each method, and we comment on the ethics and public perceptions surrounding these methods and how they may affect the future of stem cell research. For the reasons outlined in this paper, we believe that non-embryonic stem cell lines, including iPSCs, somatic cell nuclear transfer lines, and adult tissue derived stem cells, offer the highest therapeutic potential for treating diabetes.