Can Living in the Shadow of Terror Leave no Marks? Long-Term Effects of Traumatic Environments of Varying Intensity.

Israel journal of psychiatry Pub Date : 2017-01-01
Yarden Mendelson, Eytan Bachar, Aaron Cherniak, Rena Cooper-Kazaz
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Abstract

Introduction: This study investigated the long-term effects of different traumatic environments on adolescents. Environments were characterized by different threats that varied in predictability, duration, and the extent to which the threat can be defended against. The research examined: 1) Jerusalem during the Second Intifada (2001-2004), 2) Israel's northern cities during the Second Lebanon War (2006), and 3) cities that suffered neither the suicide bombings (that occurred in Jerusalem) nor the rocket bombardments (that occurred in the north).

Method: Data was collected from surveys administered to 115 subjects aged 19-28 who were adolescents in the aforementioned cities at the relevant times but were not directly affected by terror. Participants were administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R).

Results: No significant differences were found between subjects who lived in different traumatic environments as adolescents in levels of depression, posttraumatic symptoms (PTS) or posttraumatic growth (PTG). In fact, a pattern in the data indicates that adolescents in Jerusalem were less negatively impacted by their environment than were the other groups, even though Jerusalem experienced an unpredictable threat that could not be defended against, a chronic chaotic environment.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that the effects of a chronic chaotic environment did not produce significantly more symptoms than other environments when examined several years later. Reactions to terror, including parental attitude towards adolescents' daily routine, are also discussed.

生活在恐怖阴影下能不留痕迹吗?不同强度创伤环境的长期影响。
前言:本研究探讨了不同创伤环境对青少年的长期影响。环境以不同的威胁为特征,这些威胁在可预测性、持续时间和防御威胁的程度上各不相同。研究考察了:1)第二次起义期间的耶路撒冷(2001-2004年),2)第二次黎巴嫩战争期间的以色列北部城市(2006年),以及3)既没有遭受自杀式爆炸(发生在耶路撒冷)也没有遭受火箭轰炸(发生在北部)的城市。方法:对115名年龄在19-28岁、在上述城市的青少年进行问卷调查,调查对象均为未受恐怖行为直接影响的青少年。受试者分别接受贝克抑郁量表(BDI)、创伤后成长量表(PTGI)和事件影响量表(IES-R)。结果:青少年时期生活在不同创伤环境中的被试在抑郁、创伤后症状(PTS)和创伤后成长(PTG)水平上无显著差异。事实上,数据中的一种模式表明,耶路撒冷的青少年受到环境的负面影响比其他群体要小,尽管耶路撒冷经历了无法抵御的不可预测的威胁,即长期的混乱环境。结论:这些发现表明,慢性混乱环境的影响在几年后检查时并不比其他环境产生明显更多的症状。对恐怖的反应,包括父母对青少年日常生活的态度,也被讨论。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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