A Systematic Review of Reported Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials.

Annals of Occupational Hygiene Pub Date : 2016-10-01 Epub Date: 2016-07-15 DOI:10.1093/annhyg/mew041
Maximilien Debia, Bouchra Bakhiyi, Claude Ostiguy, Jos H Verbeek, Derk H Brouwer, Vladimir Murashov
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Reported Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials.","authors":"Maximilien Debia,&nbsp;Bouchra Bakhiyi,&nbsp;Claude Ostiguy,&nbsp;Jos H Verbeek,&nbsp;Derk H Brouwer,&nbsp;Vladimir Murashov","doi":"10.1093/annhyg/mew041","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have a large economic impact in a range of fields, but the concerns about health and safety of occupational activities involving nanomaterials have not yet been addressed. Monitoring exposure is an important step in risk management. Hence, the interest for reviewing studies that reported a potential for occupational exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched for studies published between January 2000 and January 2015. We included studies that used a comprehensive method of exposure assessment. Studies were grouped by nanomaterial and categorized as carbonaceous, metallic, or nanoclays. We summarized data on task, monitoring strategy, exposure outcomes, and controls in a narrative way. For each study, the strength of the exposure assessment was evaluated using predetermined criteria. Then, we identified all exposure situations that reported potential occupational exposure based on qualitative or quantitative outcomes. Results were synthesized and general conclusion statements on exposure situations were formulated. The quality of evidence for the conclusion statements was rated as low, moderate, or high depending on the number of confirmed exposure situations, the strength of the exposure assessment, and the consistency of the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the 6403 references initially identified, 220 were selected for full-text screening. From these, 50 studies describing 306 exposure situations in 72 workplaces were eligible for inclusion (27 industrial-scale plants and 45 research or pilot-scale units). There was a potential for exposure to ENMs in 233 of the exposure situations. Exposure occurred in 83% (N = 107) of the situations with carbonaceous ENMs, in 73% (N = 120) of those with metallic ENMs and in 100% (N = 6) of those with nanoclay. Concentrations of elemental carbon in the workers' breathing zone ranged from not detected (ND) to 910 µg m(-3) with local engineering controls (LEC), and from ND to 1000 µg m(-3) without those controls. For carbon nanofibres (CNFs), particle counts ranged from ND to 1.61 CNF structures cm(-3) with LEC, and from 0.09 to 193 CNF structures cm(-3) without those controls. The mass concentrations of aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide, silver, and iron nanoparticles (NPs) were ND, 10-150, 0.24-0.43, and 32 µg m(-3) with LEC, while they were <0.35, non-applicable, 0.09-33, and 335 µg m(-3) without those controls, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Regarding the potential of exposure in the workplace, we found high-quality evidence for multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), single-walled CNTs, CNFs, aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide, and silver NPs; moderate-quality evidence for non-classified CNTs, nanoclays, and iron and silicon dioxide NPs; low-quality evidence for fullerene C60, double-walled CNTs, and zinc oxide NPs; and no evidence for cerium oxide NPs. We found high-quality evidence that potential exposure is most frequently due to handling tasks, that workers are mostly exposed to micro-sized agglomerated NPs, and that engineering controls considerably reduce workers' exposure. There was moderate-quality evidence that workers are exposed in secondary manufacturing industrial-scale plants. There was low-quality evidence that workers are exposed to airborne particles with a size <100nm. There were no studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8458,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Occupational Hygiene","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/annhyg/mew041","citationCount":"64","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals of Occupational Hygiene","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mew041","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2016/7/15 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 64

Abstract

Background: Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have a large economic impact in a range of fields, but the concerns about health and safety of occupational activities involving nanomaterials have not yet been addressed. Monitoring exposure is an important step in risk management. Hence, the interest for reviewing studies that reported a potential for occupational exposure.

Methods: We systematically searched for studies published between January 2000 and January 2015. We included studies that used a comprehensive method of exposure assessment. Studies were grouped by nanomaterial and categorized as carbonaceous, metallic, or nanoclays. We summarized data on task, monitoring strategy, exposure outcomes, and controls in a narrative way. For each study, the strength of the exposure assessment was evaluated using predetermined criteria. Then, we identified all exposure situations that reported potential occupational exposure based on qualitative or quantitative outcomes. Results were synthesized and general conclusion statements on exposure situations were formulated. The quality of evidence for the conclusion statements was rated as low, moderate, or high depending on the number of confirmed exposure situations, the strength of the exposure assessment, and the consistency of the results.

Results: From the 6403 references initially identified, 220 were selected for full-text screening. From these, 50 studies describing 306 exposure situations in 72 workplaces were eligible for inclusion (27 industrial-scale plants and 45 research or pilot-scale units). There was a potential for exposure to ENMs in 233 of the exposure situations. Exposure occurred in 83% (N = 107) of the situations with carbonaceous ENMs, in 73% (N = 120) of those with metallic ENMs and in 100% (N = 6) of those with nanoclay. Concentrations of elemental carbon in the workers' breathing zone ranged from not detected (ND) to 910 µg m(-3) with local engineering controls (LEC), and from ND to 1000 µg m(-3) without those controls. For carbon nanofibres (CNFs), particle counts ranged from ND to 1.61 CNF structures cm(-3) with LEC, and from 0.09 to 193 CNF structures cm(-3) without those controls. The mass concentrations of aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide, silver, and iron nanoparticles (NPs) were ND, 10-150, 0.24-0.43, and 32 µg m(-3) with LEC, while they were <0.35, non-applicable, 0.09-33, and 335 µg m(-3) without those controls, respectively.

Conclusions: Regarding the potential of exposure in the workplace, we found high-quality evidence for multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), single-walled CNTs, CNFs, aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide, and silver NPs; moderate-quality evidence for non-classified CNTs, nanoclays, and iron and silicon dioxide NPs; low-quality evidence for fullerene C60, double-walled CNTs, and zinc oxide NPs; and no evidence for cerium oxide NPs. We found high-quality evidence that potential exposure is most frequently due to handling tasks, that workers are mostly exposed to micro-sized agglomerated NPs, and that engineering controls considerably reduce workers' exposure. There was moderate-quality evidence that workers are exposed in secondary manufacturing industrial-scale plants. There was low-quality evidence that workers are exposed to airborne particles with a size <100nm. There were no studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries.

工程纳米材料暴露报告的系统综述。
背景:工程纳米材料(enm)在一系列领域具有巨大的经济影响,但涉及纳米材料的职业活动的健康和安全问题尚未得到解决。监测暴露是风险管理的重要步骤。因此,我们有兴趣回顾那些报告了潜在职业暴露的研究。方法:系统检索2000年1月至2015年1月间发表的研究。我们纳入了使用综合暴露评估方法的研究。研究按纳米材料分组,并分类为碳质、金属或纳米粘土。我们以叙述的方式总结了任务、监测策略、暴露结果和控制方面的数据。对于每项研究,使用预先确定的标准评估暴露评估的强度。然后,我们根据定性或定量结果确定了所有报告潜在职业暴露的暴露情况。对结果进行综合,并对暴露情况作出一般性结论陈述。根据确认的暴露情况的数量、暴露评估的强度和结果的一致性,结论陈述的证据质量被评为低、中或高。结果:从最初确定的6403篇文献中,选择220篇进行全文筛选。从这些研究中,有50项研究描述了72个工作场所的306种暴露情况(27个工业规模的工厂和45个研究或中试规模的单位)符合纳入条件。在233种暴露情况下存在暴露于ENMs的可能性。83% (N = 107)的碳质环境污染发生暴露,73% (N = 120)的金属环境污染发生暴露,100% (N = 6)的纳米粘土环境污染发生暴露。工人呼吸区的元素碳浓度范围从未检测到(ND)到910µg m(-3),有当地工程控制(LEC),从ND到1000µg m(-3),没有这些控制。对于碳纳米纤维(CNF),颗粒计数范围从ND到1.61个CNF结构厘米(-3)与LEC,从0.09到193个CNF结构厘米(-3)没有这些控制。氧化铝、二氧化钛、银和铁纳米粒子(NPs)的质量浓度分别为ND、10-150、0.24-0.43和32µg m(-3), LEC为:结论:关于工作场所暴露的可能性,我们发现了多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)、单壁碳纳米管、CNFs、氧化铝、二氧化钛和银纳米管的高质量证据;中等质量的非分类碳纳米管、纳米粘土、铁和二氧化硅NPs的证据;关于富勒烯C60、双壁碳纳米管和氧化锌碳纳米管的低质量证据;也没有证据表明存在氧化铈NPs。我们发现高质量的证据表明,潜在的暴露最常见的是由于处理任务,工人大多暴露于微型聚集的NPs,工程控制大大减少了工人的暴露。有中等质量的证据表明,工人在二级制造业工业规模的工厂中暴露。有低质量的证据表明,工人接触到的空气中颗粒的大小
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
2 months
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信