The impact of the congestion charging scheme on air quality in London. Part 2. Analysis of the oxidative potential of particulate matter.

Frank Kelly, H Ross Anderson, Ben Armstrong, Richard Atkinson, Ben Barratt, Sean Beevers, Dick Derwent, David Green, Ian Mudway, Paul Wilkinson
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Abstract

There is growing scientific consensus that the ability of inhaled particulate matter (PM*) to elicit oxidative stress both at the air-lung interface and systemically might underpin many of the acute and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular responses observed in exposed populations. In the current study (which is part two of a two-part HEI study of a congestion charging scheme [CCS] introduced in London, United Kingdom, in 2003), we tested the hypothesis that the reduction in vehicle numbers and changes in traffic composition resulting from the introduction of the CCS would result in decreased concentrations of traffic-specific emissions, both from vehicle exhaust and other sources (brake wear and tire wear), and an associated reduction in the oxidative potential of PM with an aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10). To test this hypothesis, we obtained, extracted, and analyzed tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) PM10 filters from six monitoring sites within, bordering, or outside the area of the congestion charging zone (CCZ) for the 3 years before and after the introduction of the scheme. In addition, from January 2005, TEOM PM10 filters were obtained from an additional 10 sites outside the zone in order to perform the first-ever assessment of within-city spatial variability in the oxidative potential of PM10. Although London's PM10 was found to have remarkably high oxidative potential, it varied markedly between the studied sites, with evidence of increased potential at roadside locations compared with urban background locations. This difference appeared to reflect increased concentrations of copper (Cu), barium (Ba), and bioavailable iron (Fe) in PM10 collected at the roadside sites. PM10's oxidative potential after the introduction of the CCS did not change at the one urban background site within the zone. Yet compositional changes in PM10 were noted at the same site, including significant decreases in Cu and zinc (Zn) content, probably reflecting brake and tire wear (compared with increases in these metals at all sites outside the zone in the 3 years since the scheme's introduction). This pattern of results is consistent with observations of increased vehicle use throughout London in recent years and decreases in the number of vehicles entering the zone since the scheme's introduction.

拥堵收费计划对伦敦空气质量的影响。第2部分。颗粒物氧化电位分析。
越来越多的科学共识认为,吸入颗粒物(PM*)在空气-肺界面和全身引起氧化应激的能力可能是暴露人群中观察到的许多急性和慢性呼吸和心血管反应的基础。在当前的研究中(这是2003年在英国伦敦推出的拥堵收费计划的两部分HEI研究的第二部分),我们测试了这样一个假设,即引入CCS导致车辆数量的减少和交通构成的变化将导致交通特定排放浓度的降低,包括车辆尾气和其他来源(制动磨损和轮胎磨损)。空气动力学直径<或= 10微米(PM10)的PM氧化电位相应降低。为了验证这一假设,我们在引入该方案前后的3年里,从拥堵收费区(CCZ)区域内、周边或外部的六个监测点获得、提取并分析了锥形元件振荡微平衡(TEOM) PM10过滤器。此外,从2005年1月起,为了首次评估PM10氧化电位在城市内的空间变异性,从该区域以外的另外10个地点获得了TEOM PM10过滤器。尽管伦敦的PM10被发现具有非常高的氧化电位,但它在不同的研究地点之间存在显著差异,有证据表明,与城市背景位置相比,路边位置的氧化电位更高。这种差异似乎反映了路边收集的PM10中铜(Cu)、钡(Ba)和生物可利用铁(Fe)浓度的增加。在该区域内的一个城市背景场地,引入CCS后PM10的氧化电位没有变化。然而,同一地点的PM10成分发生了变化,包括铜和锌(Zn)含量显著下降,这可能反映了刹车和轮胎的磨损(相比之下,自该计划实施以来的3年里,该区域以外所有地点的这些金属含量都有所增加)。这种结果模式与近年来整个伦敦的车辆使用量增加以及自该计划引入以来进入该区域的车辆数量减少的观察结果相一致。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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