Coins in graves as reflection of social and spiritual culture.

Michal Zivný
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Abstract

Today we register 380-390 pieces of grave coins from 66 localities (mostly rustic linear necropoles) of the 11th and 12th century in region of Moravia. The beginning of the systematic use of coin as a grave artifact falls to the 1st quarter of the 11th century, its maximal development to interval 1060-1085 and the conclusion to the 1st half of the 12th century. Predominantly we find only one coin in one grave. The most often we find the coin in palms of the dead (26%) or in such position, to which they could get out from the hands (15-20%). No relation between coin position and sex, age, position or orientation of the dead has been proved. The coins belong to prominent means for dating graves and grave inventory. The most frequently the coin in grave was used as a dead obole, it means it was given to grave intentionally and on the ritual ground. It is very probable, that the coin compensated the former material grave gifts because of its small size as a reaction on intensified church supervision, which controlled the observance of Christian principles in burial rite. In such way it indicates the persistence of heathen thinking of common people in 11th and 12th century in environment, that already was officially Christian.

墓中的钱币是社会文化和精神文化的反映。
今天,我们在摩拉维亚地区的11世纪和12世纪的66个地方(大部分是乡村的线性墓地)登记了380-390件坟墓硬币。硬币作为墓器系统使用的开始可追溯到11世纪的前25年,其最大发展时间为1060-1085年,并结束于12世纪上半叶。通常我们在一个坟墓里只发现一枚硬币。最常见的是,我们发现硬币放在死者的手掌中(26%),或者放在这样的位置,这样他们就可以从手中拿出来(15-20%)。硬币的位置与死者的性别、年龄、位置或方位没有任何关系。这些硬币属于确定坟墓年代和清点坟墓的重要手段。坟墓里的硬币最常被用作死洞,这意味着它是故意放在坟墓里的,在仪式上。很有可能,硬币补偿了以前的物质坟墓礼物,因为它的体积小,作为对加强教会监督的反应,教会监督控制着基督教原则在葬礼仪式中的遵守。这样一来,它表明了11世纪和12世纪的环境中,已经正式成为基督教的普通人对异教徒思想的坚持。
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