FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SWIM-BLADDER MUSCLES ENGAGED IN SOUND PRODUCTION OF THE TOADFISH.

C R Skoglund
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引用次数: 172

Abstract

A functional analysis of the striated swim-bladder muscles engaged in the sound production of the toadfish has been performed by simultaneous recording of muscle action potentials, mechanical effects, and sound. Experiments with electrical nerve stimulation were made on excised bladder, while decerebrate preparations were used for studies of reflex activation of bladders in situ. The muscle twitch in response to a single maximal nerve volley was found to be very fast. The average contraction time was 5 msec. with a range from 3 to 8 msec., the relaxation being somewhat slower. The analysis of muscle action potentials with surface electrodes showed that the activity of the muscle fibers running transversely to the long axis of the muscle was well synchronized both during artificial and reflex activation. With inserted metal microelectrodes monophasic potentials of 0.4 msec. rise time and 1.2 to 1.5 msec. total duration were recorded. The interval between peak of action potential and onset of contraction was only 0.5 msec. Microphonic recordings of the characteristic sound effect accompanying each contraction showed a high amplitude diphasic deflection during the early part of the contraction. During relaxation a similar but smaller deflection of opposite phase could sometimes be distinguished above the noise level. The output from the microphone was interpreted as a higher order derivative function of the muscle displacement. This interpretation was supported by complementary experiments on muscle sound in mammalian muscle. The dependence of the sound effects on the rate of muscle contraction was demonstrated by changing the temperature of the preparation and, in addition, by a special series of experiments with repeated stimulation at short intervals. Results obtained by varying the pressure within the bladder provided further evidence for the view that the sound initiated in the muscle is reinforced by bladder resonance. Analysis of spontaneous grunts confirmed the finding of a predominant sound frequency of about 100 per second, which was also found in reflexly evoked grunts. During these, muscle action potentials of the same rate as the dominant sound frequency were recorded, the activity being synchronous in the muscles on both sides. Some factors possibly contributing to rapid contraction are discussed.

蟾鱼参与发声的鱼鳔肌肉的功能分析。
通过同时记录肌肉动作电位、机械效应和声音,对参与蟾蜍鱼发声的条纹鱼鳔肌肉进行了功能分析。在切除膀胱上进行神经电刺激实验,用脱脑制剂原位研究膀胱的反射激活。我们发现,对单一最大神经截击的肌肉抽搐反应非常快。平均收缩时间为5毫秒。范围从3到8毫秒。弛豫稍微慢一些。表面电极对肌肉动作电位的分析表明,在人工激活和反射激活过程中,肌肉长轴横向肌纤维的活动同步良好。插入金属微电极的单相电位为0.4毫秒。上升时间和1.2 ~ 1.5毫秒。记录总持续时间。动作电位峰值与收缩开始的时间间隔仅为0.5 msec。每次收缩所伴随的特征性声音效果的麦克风记录显示,在收缩的早期有一个高振幅的双相偏转。在弛豫期间,有时可以在噪声级以上分辨出类似但较小的相反相位的偏转。麦克风的输出被解释为肌肉位移的高阶导数函数。这一解释得到了哺乳动物肌肉声音的补充实验的支持。声音效果对肌肉收缩速率的依赖性是通过改变制备温度来证明的,此外,通过短时间间隔重复刺激的一系列特殊实验来证明。通过改变膀胱内的压力得到的结果进一步证明了由肌肉发出的声音通过膀胱共振得到加强的观点。对自发咕噜声的分析证实了一项主要的声音频率约为每秒100次的发现,这在反射性唤起的咕噜声中也发现了。在此过程中,记录了与主导声音频率相同速率的肌肉动作电位,两侧肌肉的活动是同步的。讨论了一些可能导致快速收缩的因素。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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